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Samenvatting endocrinologie

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Duidelijke Nederlandstalige samenvatting van het vak endocrinologie binnen het blok "Problemen van digestief stelsel, endocrien stelsel en voeding".

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Samenvatting endocrinologie
1. Diabetes mellitus.......................................................................................4
1.1 Definitie en classificatie............................................................................................ 4

1.2 Pathofysiologie......................................................................................................... 4

1.3 Type 1 diabetes mellitus........................................................................................... 4

1.4 Type 2 diabetes mellitus........................................................................................... 5

1.5 Klinisch onderzoek.................................................................................................... 6

1.6 Laboratoriumdiagnostiek.......................................................................................... 6

1.7 Behandeling van diabetes mellitus...........................................................................7

1.8 Follow-up................................................................................................................ 13

1.9 Chronische verwikkelingen.....................................................................................13

1.10 Enkele specifieke problemen................................................................................14

2. Hypoglycemie........................................................................................... 16
2.1 Oorzaken................................................................................................................ 16

2.2 Insulinoom.............................................................................................................. 16

2.3 Reactieve hypoglycemie......................................................................................... 17

3. Hypofyse.................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Basisbegrippen....................................................................................................... 17

3.2 Inleiding hypofyseadenomen..................................................................................17

3.3 Kliniek hypofyse...................................................................................................... 18

3.4 Hypofysestimulatietesten.......................................................................................21

4. Hypogonadisme en gynaecomastie............................................................22
4.1 Mannelijk endocrien hypogonadisme......................................................................22

4.2 Gynaecomastie....................................................................................................... 25

4.3 Turner-syndroom, endocrino aandachtspunten op volw leeftijd..............................26

5. Bijniercortex............................................................................................ 26
5.1 Investigatie v/d bijniercortexfunctie........................................................................26

5.2 Ziekten v/d bijniercortex......................................................................................... 28

5.3 Corticotherapie....................................................................................................... 32


1

,6. Bijniermerg.............................................................................................. 33
6.1 Investigatie v/d bijniermergfunctie.........................................................................33

6.2 Ziekten v/h bijniermerg........................................................................................... 33

7. Neuro-endocriene tumoren (NET)..............................................................34
7.1 Histopathologie en classificatie...............................................................................34

7.2 Pathofysiologie en kliniek.......................................................................................35

7.3 Carcinoïd-syndroom................................................................................................ 35

7.4 Diagnose................................................................................................................. 35

7.5 Therapie................................................................................................................. 35

8. Hirsutisme............................................................................................... 36
8.1 Definitie.................................................................................................................. 36

8.2 Etiologie.................................................................................................................. 36

8.3 Differentiaaldiagnose.............................................................................................. 36

8.4 Organisch hirsutisme.............................................................................................. 36

9. Variaties v/d seksuele ontwikkeling en genderdysforie...............................37
9.1 Normale en typische geslachtsdifferentiatie en genderontwikkeling......................37

9.2 Variaties v/d seksuele ontwikkeling........................................................................38

9.3 Transgender en genderdiversiteit..........................................................................39

10. De schildklier.........................................................................................41
10.1 Basisbegrippen..................................................................................................... 41

10.2 Diagnostische exploratie bij schildklierlijden.........................................................42

10.3 Thyrotoxicose....................................................................................................... 44

10.4 Hypothyroïdie....................................................................................................... 47

10.5 Thyroiditis............................................................................................................. 49

10.6 Endemisch en sporadisch niet-toxisch struma......................................................50

10.7 Schildkliertumoren, in het bijzonder de solitaire thyroïdnodule............................50

10.8 Het ‘euthyroid sick’-syndroom..............................................................................52

11. Dyslipidemie..........................................................................................52
11.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................ 52

11.2 Kliniek................................................................................................................... 54


2

, 11.3 Gevolgen.............................................................................................................. 55

11.4 Behandeling.......................................................................................................... 55

12. Obesitas................................................................................................. 57
12.1 Definitie en prevalentie........................................................................................57

12.2 Etiologie en fysiologie........................................................................................... 57

12.3 Endocriene aspecten van obesitas........................................................................58

12.4 Functies van vetweefsel........................................................................................ 58

12.5 Vetverdeling.......................................................................................................... 59

12.6 Somatische gevolgen van obesitas.......................................................................59

12.7 Therapie................................................................................................................ 59

13. Aandoeningen v/d bijschildklieren en metabole botziekten.......................61
13.1 Calcium en fosforhuishouden – basisbegrippen....................................................61

13.2 Aandoeningen v/d bijschildklieren........................................................................61

13.3 Metabole botaandoeningen..................................................................................64

14. Schildklier en bijschildklierchirurgie........................................................66
14.1 Chirurgie is anatomie............................................................................................66

14.2 Potentiële complicaties.........................................................................................66

14.3 De schildklierchirurgie.......................................................................................... 66

14.4 De bijschildklierchirurgie.......................................................................................66




3

, 1. Diabetes mellitus
1.1 Definitie en classificatie
- Chronische stoornis en metabolisme van koolhydraten, vetten en
eiwitten
- Absoluut (DM 1) of relatief (DM 2) insulinegebrek + gestegen
bloedglucosegehalte
- Prevalentie België: 6,6%

1.2 Pathofysiologie
- Endocriene pancreas: eilandjes van Langerhans  productie insuline
- Stijging bloedglucosespiegel  vrijstelling insuline  opname
glucose in spier- en vetweefsel + remming nieuwvorming in lever +
bevordert vorming glycogeen en opbouw eiwitten + remming
lipolyse
- Contraregulerende hormonen  plasmaglucose stijging: glucagon,
cortisol,
(nor)adrenaline, groeihormoon
Onvoldoende insulineproductie
- Voortschrijdende lipolyse, glycogenolyse en proteolyse  massale
katabolie 
acidose en dehydratatie
Onvoldoende gevoeligheid voor insuline = insulineresistentie
- Effectororganen zijn minder gevoelig  initieel hyperinsulinemie
- Glijdende schaal, waarbij toenemende insulineresistentie kan
voortschrijden tot prediabetes en uiteindelijk tot DM2

1.3 Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Pathogenese
- Aanval v/h eigen immuunsysteem op de insulineprod. bèta-cellen in
de pancreas
- Familiale of genetische voorbestemdheid + omgevingsfactoren
- 2 fases:
o Maanden tot jaren asympt. fase: specifieke auto-antilichamen:
leukocyten dringen eilandjes van Langerhans binnen
o Fase met specifieke destructie van bèta-cellen
- Regulerende T-cellen, virale of mogelijk ook nutritionele factoren als
trigger
- Kinderen en jongvolwassenen
- Vaak combi met andere auto-immuunziekten: primaire
hypothyroïdie, vitiligo, auto-immune gastritis, pernicieuze anemie,
coeliakie, bijnierschorsinsuf
- Latent auto-immune diabetes in adults (LADA):
o Op latere leeftijd, minder fulminant, langzamere progressie,
kliniek lijkt meer op type 2

4

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