APHY 101 Midterm 2022/2023 with Complet
l l l l l
e Solutions
l
Anatomyl-lANSWER-examineslthelstructuresloflbodylparts
Physiologyl-lANSWER-examineslthelfunctionsloflbodylparts,lwhatltheyldolandlhowltheyldolit
Levelsloflorganizationl-lANSWER-
Subatomiclparticles,latom,lmolecule,lmacromolecule,lorganelle,lcell,ltissue,lorgan,lorganlsy
stem,lorganism
Metabolisml-lANSWER-allloflthelchemicallreactionslinlanlorganismlthatlsupportllife
homeostasisl-lANSWER-Thelbody'slmaintenanceloflalstablelinternallenvironment
homeostaticlmechanismsl-lANSWER-receptors,lcontrollcenter,leffectors
receptorl-lANSWER-
providelinformationlaboutlspecificlconditionsl(stimuli)linlthelinternallenvironment
controllcenterl-lANSWER-
setlpoint;lalparticularlvalue,lsuchlaslbodyltemperaturelatl37°Cl(Celsius)lorl98.6°Fl(Fahrenhei
t)
effectorl-lANSWER-causelresponseslthatlalterlconditionslinlthelinternallenvironment
negativelfeedbackl-lANSWER-
Iflthelreceptorslmeasureldeviationslfromlthelsetlpoint,leffectorslarelactivatedlthatlcanlreturnlc
onditionsltowardlnormal.lAslthislhappens,ltheldeviationlfromlthelsetlpointlprogressivelyllesse
ns,landltheleffectorslgraduallylshutldown.
craniallcavityl-lANSWER-houseslthelbrain
spinallcavityl-lANSWER-houseslthelspinallcord
thoraciclcavityl-lANSWER-containslthellungslandlheart
abdominallcavityl-lANSWER-
containslthelstomach,lliver,lspleen,lgallbladder,lkidneys,landlthelsmalllandllargelintestines.
pelviclcavityl-lANSWER-
containslthelterminallendloflthellargelintestine,lthelurinarylbladder,landlthelinternallreproducti
velorgans.
,serouslmembranesl-lANSWER-
linelthelwallsloflthelthoraciclandlabdominopelviclcavitieslandlfoldlbackltolcoverlthelorganslwit
hinltheselcavities.lTheselmembraneslsecretelalslipperylserouslfluidlthatlseparateslthellayerlli
ninglthelwallloflthelcavityl(parietalllayer)lfromlthellayerlcoveringlthelorganl(visceralllayer).
Aginglatlalcellularllevell-lANSWER-
Cellslmarkltimeltoo,lmanylapproachinglthelendloflallimitedlnumberloflpredeterminedlcellldivis
ionslasltheirlchromosomeltipslwhittleldown.lSuchlcellslreachinglthelendlofltheirldivisionldaysl
maylenlargelorldie.lSomelcellslmaylbelunableltolbuildlthelapparatuslthatlpullslapartlreplicated
lchromosomeslinlalcelllonlthelvergelofldivision.lImpairedlcellldivisionlslowsl woundlhealing,lye
tlatlthelsameltime,lthelinappropriatelcellldivisionlthatlunderlieslcancerlbecomeslmorellikely.lC
ertainlsubcellularlfunctionslloselefficiency,lincludinglrepairloflDNAldamagelandltransportlofls
ubstanceslintolandloutloflcells.lAginglcellslarellesslefficientlatlextractinglenergylfromlnutrient
slandlbreakingldownlagedlorldamagedlcelllparts.
anatomicallpositionl-lANSWER-
Bodylfacinglforward,lfeetlarelparallelltoleachlother,larmslarelatlhelsideslwithlthelpalmslfacinglf
orward
Proximall-lANSWER-
Closerltoltheloriginloflthelbodylpartlorlthelpointloflattachmentloflallimbltolthelbodyltrunk
distall-lANSWER-Awaylfromlorlfarthestlfromltheltrunklorlthelpointlofloriginloflalbodylpart
mediall-lANSWER-Closerltolthelmidlineloflthelbody
laterall-lANSWER-Awaylfromlthelmidlineloflthelbody
superiorl-lANSWER-Higherlonlthelbody,lnearerltolthelhead
inferiorl-lANSWER-
Awaylfromlthelheadlendlorltowardlthellowerlpartloflalstructurelorlthelbody;lbelow.
anteriorl-lANSWER-Frontloflbody/lbodylstructure
posteriorl-lANSWER-Nearerltolorlatlthelbackloflthelbody
ventrall-lANSWER-Atlthelbellylside
dorsall-lANSWER-Backside
Whylislchemistrylanlimportantlpartloflphysiology?l-lANSWER-
Understandinglthelbasicsloflchemistrylislessentiallforlunderstandinglphysiology,lbecauselbo
dylfunctionslresultlfromlcellularlfunctionslthat,linlturn,lresultlfromlchemicallchanges.
atoml-lANSWER-Smallestlparticleloflanlelement
, elementl-lANSWER-
Alpurelsubstancelthatlcannotlbelbrokenldownlintolotherlsubstanceslbylchemicallorlphysicall
means
moleculel-lANSWER-Twolorlmorelatomslmaylcombineltolformlaldistinctiveltypeloflparticle
compoundl-lANSWER-
(chemistry)lalsubstancelformedlbylchemicallunionlofltwolorlmorelelementslorlingredients
Namelthelbulklelementslinlthelhumanlbody.l-lANSWER-
carbon,lhydrogen,loxygen,lnitrogen,lsulfur,landlphosphorus
atomiclnumberl-lANSWER-Numberloflprotonslinlanlatom
atomiclweightl-lANSWER-equalslthelnumberloflprotonslandlneutronslinlitslnucleus.
ionl-lANSWER-
Anlatomlorlgrouploflatomslthatlhaslgainedlorllostlonelorlmorelelectrons,lthuslacquiringlalchar
ge.
Howldolyoulindicatelanlionlinlalmolecularlformula?l-lANSWER-negativelionslhavel(-
),lpositivelionslhavel(+)
isotopel-lANSWER-
Anlatomlwithlthelsamelnumberloflprotonslandlaldifferentlnumberloflneutronslfromlotherlatom
sloflthelsamelelement.
Synthesislreactionl-lANSWER-
Alchemicallreactionlinlwhichltwolorlmorelreactantslcombineltolproducelalsinglelproduct.
A+Bl-->lAB
Decompositionlreactionl-lANSWER-
Alreactionlinlwhichlalsinglelcompoundlbreaksldownltolformltwolorlmorelsimplerlsubstances
ABl-->lA+B
Exchangelreactionl-lANSWER-
Chemicallreactionlinlwhichlbondslarelbothlmadelandlbroken;latomslbecomelcombinedlwithld
ifferentlatoms.,
lAB+CDl--->lAD+CB
Reversiblelreactionl-lANSWER-
Alreactionlinlwhichlthelconversionloflreactantsltolproductslandlthelconversionloflproductsltolr
eactantsloccurlsimultaneously.lIt'slshownlbylaldoublelarrow,l
Al+lBl<-->lAB
l l l l l
e Solutions
l
Anatomyl-lANSWER-examineslthelstructuresloflbodylparts
Physiologyl-lANSWER-examineslthelfunctionsloflbodylparts,lwhatltheyldolandlhowltheyldolit
Levelsloflorganizationl-lANSWER-
Subatomiclparticles,latom,lmolecule,lmacromolecule,lorganelle,lcell,ltissue,lorgan,lorganlsy
stem,lorganism
Metabolisml-lANSWER-allloflthelchemicallreactionslinlanlorganismlthatlsupportllife
homeostasisl-lANSWER-Thelbody'slmaintenanceloflalstablelinternallenvironment
homeostaticlmechanismsl-lANSWER-receptors,lcontrollcenter,leffectors
receptorl-lANSWER-
providelinformationlaboutlspecificlconditionsl(stimuli)linlthelinternallenvironment
controllcenterl-lANSWER-
setlpoint;lalparticularlvalue,lsuchlaslbodyltemperaturelatl37°Cl(Celsius)lorl98.6°Fl(Fahrenhei
t)
effectorl-lANSWER-causelresponseslthatlalterlconditionslinlthelinternallenvironment
negativelfeedbackl-lANSWER-
Iflthelreceptorslmeasureldeviationslfromlthelsetlpoint,leffectorslarelactivatedlthatlcanlreturnlc
onditionsltowardlnormal.lAslthislhappens,ltheldeviationlfromlthelsetlpointlprogressivelyllesse
ns,landltheleffectorslgraduallylshutldown.
craniallcavityl-lANSWER-houseslthelbrain
spinallcavityl-lANSWER-houseslthelspinallcord
thoraciclcavityl-lANSWER-containslthellungslandlheart
abdominallcavityl-lANSWER-
containslthelstomach,lliver,lspleen,lgallbladder,lkidneys,landlthelsmalllandllargelintestines.
pelviclcavityl-lANSWER-
containslthelterminallendloflthellargelintestine,lthelurinarylbladder,landlthelinternallreproducti
velorgans.
,serouslmembranesl-lANSWER-
linelthelwallsloflthelthoraciclandlabdominopelviclcavitieslandlfoldlbackltolcoverlthelorganslwit
hinltheselcavities.lTheselmembraneslsecretelalslipperylserouslfluidlthatlseparateslthellayerlli
ninglthelwallloflthelcavityl(parietalllayer)lfromlthellayerlcoveringlthelorganl(visceralllayer).
Aginglatlalcellularllevell-lANSWER-
Cellslmarkltimeltoo,lmanylapproachinglthelendloflallimitedlnumberloflpredeterminedlcellldivis
ionslasltheirlchromosomeltipslwhittleldown.lSuchlcellslreachinglthelendlofltheirldivisionldaysl
maylenlargelorldie.lSomelcellslmaylbelunableltolbuildlthelapparatuslthatlpullslapartlreplicated
lchromosomeslinlalcelllonlthelvergelofldivision.lImpairedlcellldivisionlslowsl woundlhealing,lye
tlatlthelsameltime,lthelinappropriatelcellldivisionlthatlunderlieslcancerlbecomeslmorellikely.lC
ertainlsubcellularlfunctionslloselefficiency,lincludinglrepairloflDNAldamagelandltransportlofls
ubstanceslintolandloutloflcells.lAginglcellslarellesslefficientlatlextractinglenergylfromlnutrient
slandlbreakingldownlagedlorldamagedlcelllparts.
anatomicallpositionl-lANSWER-
Bodylfacinglforward,lfeetlarelparallelltoleachlother,larmslarelatlhelsideslwithlthelpalmslfacinglf
orward
Proximall-lANSWER-
Closerltoltheloriginloflthelbodylpartlorlthelpointloflattachmentloflallimbltolthelbodyltrunk
distall-lANSWER-Awaylfromlorlfarthestlfromltheltrunklorlthelpointlofloriginloflalbodylpart
mediall-lANSWER-Closerltolthelmidlineloflthelbody
laterall-lANSWER-Awaylfromlthelmidlineloflthelbody
superiorl-lANSWER-Higherlonlthelbody,lnearerltolthelhead
inferiorl-lANSWER-
Awaylfromlthelheadlendlorltowardlthellowerlpartloflalstructurelorlthelbody;lbelow.
anteriorl-lANSWER-Frontloflbody/lbodylstructure
posteriorl-lANSWER-Nearerltolorlatlthelbackloflthelbody
ventrall-lANSWER-Atlthelbellylside
dorsall-lANSWER-Backside
Whylislchemistrylanlimportantlpartloflphysiology?l-lANSWER-
Understandinglthelbasicsloflchemistrylislessentiallforlunderstandinglphysiology,lbecauselbo
dylfunctionslresultlfromlcellularlfunctionslthat,linlturn,lresultlfromlchemicallchanges.
atoml-lANSWER-Smallestlparticleloflanlelement
, elementl-lANSWER-
Alpurelsubstancelthatlcannotlbelbrokenldownlintolotherlsubstanceslbylchemicallorlphysicall
means
moleculel-lANSWER-Twolorlmorelatomslmaylcombineltolformlaldistinctiveltypeloflparticle
compoundl-lANSWER-
(chemistry)lalsubstancelformedlbylchemicallunionlofltwolorlmorelelementslorlingredients
Namelthelbulklelementslinlthelhumanlbody.l-lANSWER-
carbon,lhydrogen,loxygen,lnitrogen,lsulfur,landlphosphorus
atomiclnumberl-lANSWER-Numberloflprotonslinlanlatom
atomiclweightl-lANSWER-equalslthelnumberloflprotonslandlneutronslinlitslnucleus.
ionl-lANSWER-
Anlatomlorlgrouploflatomslthatlhaslgainedlorllostlonelorlmorelelectrons,lthuslacquiringlalchar
ge.
Howldolyoulindicatelanlionlinlalmolecularlformula?l-lANSWER-negativelionslhavel(-
),lpositivelionslhavel(+)
isotopel-lANSWER-
Anlatomlwithlthelsamelnumberloflprotonslandlaldifferentlnumberloflneutronslfromlotherlatom
sloflthelsamelelement.
Synthesislreactionl-lANSWER-
Alchemicallreactionlinlwhichltwolorlmorelreactantslcombineltolproducelalsinglelproduct.
A+Bl-->lAB
Decompositionlreactionl-lANSWER-
Alreactionlinlwhichlalsinglelcompoundlbreaksldownltolformltwolorlmorelsimplerlsubstances
ABl-->lA+B
Exchangelreactionl-lANSWER-
Chemicallreactionlinlwhichlbondslarelbothlmadelandlbroken;latomslbecomelcombinedlwithld
ifferentlatoms.,
lAB+CDl--->lAD+CB
Reversiblelreactionl-lANSWER-
Alreactionlinlwhichlthelconversionloflreactantsltolproductslandlthelconversionloflproductsltolr
eactantsloccurlsimultaneously.lIt'slshownlbylaldoublelarrow,l
Al+lBl<-->lAB
