-
, O
CONTENTS
FOREWORD v
PREFACE vii
CHAPTER
CH T NINE
RAY OPTICS AND
AN OPTICAL
AL INSTRUMENTS
T T
9 .1
9.1 Introduction 309
9 .2 Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors 310
9 .3 Refraction 316
9 .4 Total Internal Reflection 319
9 .5 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses 323
9 .6 Refraction through a Prism 330
9 .7 Dispersion by a Prism 332
9 .8 Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight 333
9 .9 Optical Instruments 335
C A
CHAPTER R TEN
WAV
AVE OPTICS
P I
1 0.1 Introduction 351
1 0.2 Huygens Principle 353
1 0.3 Refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens Principle 355
1 0.4
10.4 Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves 360
1 0.5
10.5 Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment 362
1 0.6 Diffraction 367
1 0.7 Polarisation 376
C A
CHAPTER EV
ELEVEN
DUAL NATURE
R OF RADIATION
AT O AN
AND MATTER
T
1 1.1 Introduction 386
1 1.2 Electron Emission 387
1 1.3 Photoelectric Effect 388
1 1.4 Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect 389
1 1.5 Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light 393
1 1.6 Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation 393
1 1.7 Particle Nature of Light: The Photon 395
1 1.8 Wave Nature of Matter 398
1 1.9 Davisson and Germer Experiment 403
,CHAPTER
C A R TWELVE
E
A TOMS
OM
12
12.1 Introduction 414
12
12.2 Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom 415
12
12.3 Atomic Spectra 420
12
12.4 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 422
12
12.5 The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom 428
12
12.6 DE Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation 430
C A
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
NUCLEI
EI
13
13.1 Introduction 438
13.2
13 Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus 438
13.3
13 Size of the Nucleus 441
13
13.5 Nuclear Force 445
13
13.6 Radioactivity 446
13
13.7 Nuclear Energy 451
C A
CHAPTER R FOURTEEN
R
SEMICONDUCTOR
I ELECTRONICS
N S: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE
P RCU
CIRCUITS
14
14.1 Introduction 467
14
14.2 Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors 468
14
14.3 Intrinsic Semiconductor 472
14
14.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor 474
14.5
14 p-n Junction 478
14
14.6 Semiconductor diode 479
14
14.7 Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier 483
14
14.8 Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes 485
14
14.9 Junction Transistor 490
1 4.10 Digital Electronics and Logic Gates 501
1 4.11 Integrated Circuits 505
C A
CHAPTER IFTEE N
FIFTEEN
COMMUNICATION
I SYSTEMS
Y E
15
15.1 Introduction 513
15
15.2 Elements of a Communication System 513
15
15.3 Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems 515
15.4 Bandwidth of Signals
15 517
15.5 Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
15 518
15
15.6 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 519
xiv
, 1 5.7 Modulation and its Necessity 522
1 5.8 Amplitude Modulation 524
1 5.9 Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave 525
1 5.10
15.10 Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave 526
A IT IO
ADDITIONAL
ITIO MA N
INFORMATION 528
A I CE S
APPENDICES 532
A W S
ANSWERS 534
B IBLIOGRAPHY
PHY 552
I NDEX 554
xv
, O
CONTENTS
FOREWORD v
PREFACE vii
CHAPTER
CH T NINE
RAY OPTICS AND
AN OPTICAL
AL INSTRUMENTS
T T
9 .1
9.1 Introduction 309
9 .2 Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors 310
9 .3 Refraction 316
9 .4 Total Internal Reflection 319
9 .5 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses 323
9 .6 Refraction through a Prism 330
9 .7 Dispersion by a Prism 332
9 .8 Some Natural Phenomena due to Sunlight 333
9 .9 Optical Instruments 335
C A
CHAPTER R TEN
WAV
AVE OPTICS
P I
1 0.1 Introduction 351
1 0.2 Huygens Principle 353
1 0.3 Refraction and reflection of plane waves using Huygens Principle 355
1 0.4
10.4 Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves 360
1 0.5
10.5 Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment 362
1 0.6 Diffraction 367
1 0.7 Polarisation 376
C A
CHAPTER EV
ELEVEN
DUAL NATURE
R OF RADIATION
AT O AN
AND MATTER
T
1 1.1 Introduction 386
1 1.2 Electron Emission 387
1 1.3 Photoelectric Effect 388
1 1.4 Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect 389
1 1.5 Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light 393
1 1.6 Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation 393
1 1.7 Particle Nature of Light: The Photon 395
1 1.8 Wave Nature of Matter 398
1 1.9 Davisson and Germer Experiment 403
,CHAPTER
C A R TWELVE
E
A TOMS
OM
12
12.1 Introduction 414
12
12.2 Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom 415
12
12.3 Atomic Spectra 420
12
12.4 Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 422
12
12.5 The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom 428
12
12.6 DE Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation 430
C A
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
NUCLEI
EI
13
13.1 Introduction 438
13.2
13 Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus 438
13.3
13 Size of the Nucleus 441
13
13.5 Nuclear Force 445
13
13.6 Radioactivity 446
13
13.7 Nuclear Energy 451
C A
CHAPTER R FOURTEEN
R
SEMICONDUCTOR
I ELECTRONICS
N S: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE
P RCU
CIRCUITS
14
14.1 Introduction 467
14
14.2 Classification of Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors 468
14
14.3 Intrinsic Semiconductor 472
14
14.4 Extrinsic Semiconductor 474
14.5
14 p-n Junction 478
14
14.6 Semiconductor diode 479
14
14.7 Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier 483
14
14.8 Special Purpose p-n Junction Diodes 485
14
14.9 Junction Transistor 490
1 4.10 Digital Electronics and Logic Gates 501
1 4.11 Integrated Circuits 505
C A
CHAPTER IFTEE N
FIFTEEN
COMMUNICATION
I SYSTEMS
Y E
15
15.1 Introduction 513
15
15.2 Elements of a Communication System 513
15
15.3 Basic Terminology Used in Electronic Communication Systems 515
15.4 Bandwidth of Signals
15 517
15.5 Bandwidth of Transmission Medium
15 518
15
15.6 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 519
xiv
, 1 5.7 Modulation and its Necessity 522
1 5.8 Amplitude Modulation 524
1 5.9 Production of Amplitude Modulated Wave 525
1 5.10
15.10 Detection of Amplitude Modulated Wave 526
A IT IO
ADDITIONAL
ITIO MA N
INFORMATION 528
A I CE S
APPENDICES 532
A W S
ANSWERS 534
B IBLIOGRAPHY
PHY 552
I NDEX 554
xv
