Pathology 1000 Unit 4 Final Exam 2025

Intensity of pain is directly related to ... - Correct Answer-The level of tissue injury. Which three parts of the nervous system is responsible for the sensation, perception, and response to pain? - Correct Answer-Afferent pathway, interpretive center, efferent pathway. What is nociception? - Correct Answer-perception of pain What are nociceptors? - Correct Answer-pain receptors What is nociceptive pain? - Correct Answer-Pain from stimulated nociceptors. Why does pain perception differ throughout the body? - Correct Answer-Because nociceptors are distributed unevenly. Which 4 phases does nociception go through? - Correct Answer-transduction, transmission, perception, modulation. What types of stimuli do nociceptors respond to? - Correct Answer-chemical, mechanical, thermal. What is pain? - Correct Answer-an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage What is pain threshold? - Correct Answer-point at which a stimulus is perceived as pain What is pain tolerance? - Correct Answer-The amount of pain a person can endure without it interfering with normal function What is pain tolerance influenced by? - Correct Answer-alcohol, opioids, distraction, strong beliefs, hypnosis. What is pain modulation? - Correct Answer-physiologic process of suppressing or facilitating pain What is acute pain? - Correct Answer-Short-term, self-limiting, stops after after injury heals. What is chronic pain? - Correct Answer-Persistent or recurring, lasts 3-6 months, often difficult to treat What are the 4 common excitatory neurotransmitters? - Correct Answer-Glutamate, aspartate, substance P, calcitonin. Which peripheral mechanisms trigger the release of excitatory neurotransmitters? - Correct Answer-tissue injury, chronic inflammatory lesions. How do excitatory neurotransmitters work? - Correct Answer-They sensitize nocicpetors and reduce nociceptor activation threshold. Which neurotransmitters modulate pain? - Correct Answer-Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters Which natural opioids modulate pain? - Correct Answer-endogenous opioids, enkephalins, endorphins, cannabinoids. Where does somatic pain arise? - Correct Answer-Skin, joints, muscles. Visceral pain refers to... - Correct Answer-Pain in internal organs and body cavity linings. Referred pain is.... - Correct Answer-Felt in a location other than origination. What long-term problems can chronic pain cause? - Correct Answer-cognitive deficits and decreased pain tolerance. What is neuropathic pain? - Correct Answer-Pain initiated or caused by a dysfunction in the nervous system. What type of pain is classified as peripheral or central? - Correct Answer-neuropathic. What is neuraglia? - Correct Answer-stabbing, burning, and often severe pain due to an irritated or damaged nerve. What is myofascial pain syndrome (MPS)? - Correct Answer-Pain resulting from muscle spasm, tenderness, stiffness, or injury. Chronic. What is phantom limb pain? - Correct Answer-Pain felt in an area that has been amputated. Neuropathic. What are heat cramps? - Correct Answer-severe cramps in the abdomen and extremities following prolonged sweating and sodium loss. What is heat exhaustion? - Correct Answer-profound vasodilation, sweating, dehydration, nausea, fainting caused by prolonged high temperatures What is heat stroke? - Correct Answer-loss of thermoregulatory function, failure of heat loss mechanisms. 40°+ What is hypothermia? - Correct Answer-35°C, CNS & resp depression, vasoconstriction, tissue damage. Methods of heat loss: - Correct Answer-radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation Methods of heat production: - Correct Answer-chemical reactions, skeletal muscle tone & contraction Why is thermoregulation important? - Correct Answer-Homeostasis and proper maintenance of physiological processes. What are the effects of fever in an elderly adult? - Correct Answer-Reduced benefits of fever due to decreased fever response. What are the effects of fever in a young child? - Correct Answer-Development of higher than normal temperatures for minor infections. Febrile seizures _______________ are not uncommon. - Correct Answer-before the age of 5. What is sleep? - Correct Answer-A multi-phase process that promotes physiological restoration and memory consolidation. Normal sleep has 2 phases. What are they? - Correct Answer-REM, non-REM. What % of sleep does REM make up? - Correct Answer-20-25% How many cycles of REM/non-REM sleep occur each night? - Correct Answer-4-6. What stages make up non-REM sleep? - Correct Answer-N1, N2, N3. What is insomnia? - Correct Answer-Inability to fall or stay asleep. What is chronic insomnia associated with? - Correct Answer-Drug/alcohol use, pain, depression, medication use, obesity, aging, genetics, environment. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrom (OSAS) is... - Correct Answer-The most commonly diagnosed sleep disorder. How many Canadians have been diagnosed with OSAS? - Correct Answer-3%. How many Canadians are at risk of developing OSAS? - Correct Answer-26% What is shift work sleep disorder? - Correct Answer-A circadian rhythm disorder. What are the long term consequences of shift work sleep disorders? - Correct Answer-depression, anxiety, increased risk for CVD, increased mortality. What is restless leg syndrome? - Correct Answer-A common sensorimotor disorder. What does restless leg syndrome feel like? - Correct Answer-unpleasant sensations and nonvoluntary periodic leg movements that occur at rest and worsen at night. Restless leg syndrome is common... - Correct Answer-in older adults, women, during pegnancy, or individuals with an iron deficiency. What is a cataract? - Correct Answer-cloudy or opaque area in the lens What do cataracts do? - Correct Answer-Decrease visual acuity, blurred vision, glare, decreased color perception. What else can cause cataracts? - Correct Answer-infection, radiation, trauma, medications, diabetes. Why do cataracts develop? - Correct Answer-Because of alterations in the metabolism and transport of nutrients in the lens. How are cataracts treated? - Correct Answer-The lens of the eye is removed and replaced with a synthetic lens What causes glaucoma? - Correct Answer-Abnormally high intraocular pressure, between 12-20 mm Hg. What are the 3 types of glaucoma? - Correct Answer-Open angle, angle closure, congential closure. What is age-related macular degeneration (AMD)? - Correct Answer-A severe and irreversible loss of vision; a major cause of blindness in older adults. What are risk factors for AMD? - Correct Answer-Hypertension, diabetes, smoking, family history. When does macular degeneration usually occur? - Correct Answer-After 60. How many kinds of AMD are there? - Correct Answer-2; atrophic ( dry), and neovascular (wet). Which form of AMD is more common? - Correct Answer-Atrophic; slowly progressive; inflammation, limited night vision, difficulty reading. How does the neovascular type of AMD present? - Correct Answer-leakage of blood/serum, abnormal blood vessel growth, retinal detachment, scarring, loss of photoreceptors, loss of central vision. What is conjunctivitis? - Correct Answer-pink eye; inflammation of the conjunctiva What is otitis media? - Correct Answer-Chronic infectious/inflammatory disease of the middle ear What is otitis externa? - Correct Answer-The most common inflammation of the outer ear. Can be acute/chronic, infectious/non-infec