PSYC 435 Exam 3 Questions with Correct Answers 100% Pass
contagious behavior - Answers Not observational learning
a more-or-less instinctive or reflexive behavior triggered by the occurrence of the same behavior in
another individual
ex: you see someone else yawn and so you yawn
Stimulus enhancement - Answers directing attention to a particular place or object, making it more likely
that the observer will approach that place or object
ex: changing the way a price tag looks to draw your attention and make you more likely to buy the
product
observational learning - Answers learning by observing others; also called social learning
you must have a model (performs behavior) and an observer (observes behavior)
vicarious emotional response - Answers a classically conditioned emotional response resulting from
seeing that emotional response exhibited by others
ex: you see someone who is sad, so you also begin to feel sad
acquisition (operant conditioning) - Answers things that makes someone pay attention to the behavior:
-when observer can benefit from the model (ex: a person with a broken leg may not have any
motivation to pay attention to someone riding a bike)
-when the animal engaging in the behaviors is similar to observer
-model is admired by observer (ex: when your favorite influencer does something, you will take in this
knowledge)
performance (operant conditioning) - Answers -more likely to perform behavior when the observer sees
the model begin rewarded for their behavior
-your history with the behavior (ex: if you've not been successful on a bike, you are less likely to want to
try a unicycle)
True Limitation - Answers achieving the goal by following all the steps in the process
social learning & aggression - Answers -Learning aggressive behavior and the consequences of such
behavior impact likelihood of being aggressive.
-banduras research: children (observers) adults (models),
found an increase in behaviors in children when they observe aggressive behaviors in adults.
, -strong correlational evidence in media violence leading to more aggression
rule-governed behavior - Answers behavior that has been generated through exposure to rules
ex: you wont drive through a red light because you do not want a ticket
rule-governed behavior in animals vs humans - Answers - teach a rat to lever press in response to tone:
1. shape its behavior
2. reinforce its behavior
3. discrimination training
- teach a human to lever press in response to tone:
1. just tell them the rule
rule-governed behavior in a child - Answers "if you clean your room, we can go to the park"
- child follows rule possible consequences
*receives enforcer/goes to park: more likely to follow future
rules
*does not receive enforcer/doesn't go to park: less likely to
follow rules
- child doesn't follow rule possible outcomes:
*receives enforcer: rule wasn't meaningful, less likely to
follow rules in future
*doesn't receive enforcer: more likely to follow rules in
future
disadvantages of rule-governed behavior - Answers - often less efficient than behavior that has been
directly shaped by natural contingencies
ex: driving through a red light and actually getting a ticket is more efficient than just hearing the rule but
never experiencing it
- sometimes surprisingly insensitive to the actual contingencies of reinforcement
Personal Rules in Self-Regulation - Answers verbal descriptions of contingencies that we present to
ourselves to influence our behavior
contagious behavior - Answers Not observational learning
a more-or-less instinctive or reflexive behavior triggered by the occurrence of the same behavior in
another individual
ex: you see someone else yawn and so you yawn
Stimulus enhancement - Answers directing attention to a particular place or object, making it more likely
that the observer will approach that place or object
ex: changing the way a price tag looks to draw your attention and make you more likely to buy the
product
observational learning - Answers learning by observing others; also called social learning
you must have a model (performs behavior) and an observer (observes behavior)
vicarious emotional response - Answers a classically conditioned emotional response resulting from
seeing that emotional response exhibited by others
ex: you see someone who is sad, so you also begin to feel sad
acquisition (operant conditioning) - Answers things that makes someone pay attention to the behavior:
-when observer can benefit from the model (ex: a person with a broken leg may not have any
motivation to pay attention to someone riding a bike)
-when the animal engaging in the behaviors is similar to observer
-model is admired by observer (ex: when your favorite influencer does something, you will take in this
knowledge)
performance (operant conditioning) - Answers -more likely to perform behavior when the observer sees
the model begin rewarded for their behavior
-your history with the behavior (ex: if you've not been successful on a bike, you are less likely to want to
try a unicycle)
True Limitation - Answers achieving the goal by following all the steps in the process
social learning & aggression - Answers -Learning aggressive behavior and the consequences of such
behavior impact likelihood of being aggressive.
-banduras research: children (observers) adults (models),
found an increase in behaviors in children when they observe aggressive behaviors in adults.
, -strong correlational evidence in media violence leading to more aggression
rule-governed behavior - Answers behavior that has been generated through exposure to rules
ex: you wont drive through a red light because you do not want a ticket
rule-governed behavior in animals vs humans - Answers - teach a rat to lever press in response to tone:
1. shape its behavior
2. reinforce its behavior
3. discrimination training
- teach a human to lever press in response to tone:
1. just tell them the rule
rule-governed behavior in a child - Answers "if you clean your room, we can go to the park"
- child follows rule possible consequences
*receives enforcer/goes to park: more likely to follow future
rules
*does not receive enforcer/doesn't go to park: less likely to
follow rules
- child doesn't follow rule possible outcomes:
*receives enforcer: rule wasn't meaningful, less likely to
follow rules in future
*doesn't receive enforcer: more likely to follow rules in
future
disadvantages of rule-governed behavior - Answers - often less efficient than behavior that has been
directly shaped by natural contingencies
ex: driving through a red light and actually getting a ticket is more efficient than just hearing the rule but
never experiencing it
- sometimes surprisingly insensitive to the actual contingencies of reinforcement
Personal Rules in Self-Regulation - Answers verbal descriptions of contingencies that we present to
ourselves to influence our behavior
