Nursing Exam Flashcard Tested Questions and Correct Answers (2025 Version) Guaranteed A.

Nursing Exam Flashcard Tested Questions and Correct Answers (2025 Version) Guaranteed A. Florence Nightingale Founder of modern nursing Clara Barton Established the American Red Cross Edward Lyon first male nurse to receive commission as a reserve officer in the U.S. Army Corps. Mary Mahoney Cofounded the National Association of Colored Graduates Lilian Wald and Mary Brewster Pioneers of public health nursing Dorothea Dix Served as superintendent of the U.S. Army Nurses Lavinia Dock Complied the first manual of drugs for nurses Nurse definition Nurses are competent and caring professionals RN entry education -diploma programs -associative degree -baccalaureate degree -RN to BSN -accelerated BSN -master's entry -doctoral entry Phases of Nursing (Benner, 1984) Stage 1: Novice Stage 2: Advanced Beginner Stage 3: Competent Stage 4: Proficient Stage 5: Expert Patricia Benner(1984) A nursing theorist who described the process by which a nurse acquires clinical skills and judgement. Regulation of Nursing Practice In the U.S, each state enacts its own nurse practice act - laws that govern the practice of nursing. Each Board of Nursing is responsible for -Education programs -Defining practice -License (RN, LPN, LVN) -Determining scope of practice -Rules and regulations -Enforcing rules that govern nursing Standards of Practice of Nursing Standards provide a guide to knowledge, skills. And attitudes (KSAs) that nurses must incorporate into their practice to provide safe, quality care. American Nurses Assiiciaion (ANA) National Professional Organization National League for Nursing (NLN) Sets standards for all types of nursing education programs International Council of Nurses (ICN) Federation of national nursing organizations National Student Nurses Association (NSNA) Represents nursing students in the U.S. Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) International honor society for senior-level baccalaureate and graduate programs Recipients of Nursing Care individuals, groups, families, communities Purpose of Nursing Care Health Promotion, Illness Prevention, Health Restoration, and End-of-life care. Nursing Care Models -Case Method -Functional Nursing -Team Nursing -Primary Nursing -Differentiated Practice Case method Considered total care Functional Nursing Requires clear understanding of tasks each member may perform or score of practice Team Nursing Maintains the cost savings of functional nursing while limiting fragmentation Primary Nursing One nurse manages care for a group of clients Differentiated Practice Variation of primary care, recognition of education and experiences lead to difference in the care delivered by each nurse. Types of Care Acute, Long-term support services , impatient care, and outpatient care Care is provided in Hospitals, extended care facilities (skilled & custodial care), ambulatory care center, and home healthcare agencies, community for public health centers, and independent living facilities Healthcare categories -Primary: Nursing and Health Promotion; Nursing and illness prevention. -Secondary: Nursing and Health Restoration -Tertiary: Nursing and End-of-Life Care Interprofessional Healthcare Team members -Physicians: medical diction (MD) or doctor of osteopathy (DO) -Nurse Practitioner (NP) -Physician Assistant (PA) -Registered Nurse (RN) -Licensed Practical Nurses (LPN) -Unlicensed Assistive Personnel (UAP) Financing Healthcare - Individual- direct or out of pocket payment - Individual private insurance - Employment- private insurance - Government (federal insurance care) - Medicare - Medicaid - Charitable organizations Healthcare Reform Affordable Care Act (ACA), Medicare and Public Policy, ANA Principles for Health System Transformation and Diagnostic related grouping (DRGs) Managed Care -Health Maintenance Organization (HMOS) -Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOS) -Point Of Service (POS) -Integrated Delivery Systems (IDNA) Regulation of Healthcare Delivery -Accreditation Commission for Education In Nursing Commissions on -Collegiate Nursing Education -Commission for Nursing Education Accreditation -Licensing Agencies (boards of nursing) -The Joint Commission (JCAHO) Joint Commission (JCAHO) Establishes standards for hospitals to promote clean safety. Trends in Nursing Practice -Increased use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) -Increased variety of care locations -Interprofessional collaboration -Expanded career roles for nurses -Increased use of nursing assistive personnel -Influence of nurses on health policy -Divergence between high-tech and high-touch Societal Trends that Influence Nursing Practice -Growing proportion of older adults in the United States -Economy -Changes in healthcare consumer -Legislation -Women's movement Ensuring Quality Care Continuous quality improvement programs (CQI) -Process reviews -Outcomes reviews -Structure reviews Is healthcare a right or a privilege? Healthcare is a right because anyone has the right to receive care no matter if you have insurance or not. Things to consider when choosing a hosptial -Insurance -Reputation -Distance: whether it's far or close -Specialization -Magnet Hospital: staying up to date with medicines and information. -High practices -Expert doctors & staff What is communication? -Basic human function -Sending messages back and forth between two or more people -Consists of verbal and nonverbal messages -Helps build working relationships -Helps meet physical, psychosocial, emotional, and spiritual needs Levels of Communication - intrapersonal: Self-talk; can be positive or negative - interpersonal: Between two or more people -Group: With many people at the same time - public speaking: Unique form of group Components of Communication Subject matter, words, gestures, substance of the message, and open to interpretations Factors affecting verbal communication -vocabulary -denotative versus connotative meaning Denotative Ex: Homework-outside work Connotative Ex: Homework- too much work Pacing of conversation -Inotation: Tone, pitch, cadence, voluma -Clarity and brevity Timing -Relevance of Information -Credibility of the sender -Humor Nonverbal Communication communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech Factors that affect communication in general environment, developmental variations, gender, personal space, territoriality, sociocultural factors, roles and relationships Communication styles -passive (fail to express) -passive aggressive (avoid direct confrontation), -aggressive (uses intimidation, impulsive, and a low temper) and assertive (encourages feedback, open-minded, non-judgemental How to communicate assertively Use "I" statements, maintain professional composure, focus on the issue not the participants, use effective nonverbal language, invite positive responses, learn to accept criticism without becoming anxious or defensive, and strive for workable compromise How to communicate safely -Question Care decisions open and honestly -Use critical (CUS) language: concerned, uncomfortable, and safety -Practice closed-loop communication -Use checklist -Add debriefs at the end of the shift standard communication tools -Situation: Briefly describe situation -Background: State relevant patient history -Assessment: Summarize assessment -Recommendation: What are you asking for? -Question: Allow opportunities to ask/answer questions -Patient rounding: collaborative communication in which the healthcare team discusses goals for care and/or changes in the plan of care Handoff report: Process of communicating patient information to another healthcare provider Therapeutic communication -client-centered -goal directed -Strengthens therapeutic relationship Five qualities that characterize communication in the therapeutic relationship -Empathy -Respect -genuiness -Concreteness -Confrontation phases of therapeutic relationship -Pre-interaction: Gathering information prior to meeting the patient -Orientation: Meeting the client; introductions; establishing support and trust -Working: activate part of the relationship, patient clarifies feeling, and concerns through verbal and nonverbal communication. -Termination: conclusion of relationship communication and the nursing process Assessment/recognizing cues: medications, language, literacy, cognitive function, hearing, vision, aphasia, phycological Barries, communication style -Analysis/ Nursing Diagnosis: readiness for enhanced communication, impaired communication, impaired oral communication -Planning outcomes/evaluation: depend on the nursing diagnosis -Interventions/Implementation: Enhance therapeutic communication, identifying barriers to communication. Enhancing Therapeutic Communication -Address the patient by name -Listen actively -Establish trust -Be assertive -Restate, clarify, and validate message -Use open-ended questions -Use silence -summarize the conversation Barriers to Therapeutic Communication -Too many questions -Closed-ended questions -Asking "Why?" -Changing the subject abruptly -Failing to listen -Failing to explore issues in detail -Expressing approval or disapproval -Offering advice -Giving false reassurance -Stereotyping -Using patronizing language Enhancing Communication -Cultural differences: cultural sensitivity, language barrier -impaired speech: hand gestures, family assistance, be positive and patient -Impaired cognition: always communicate, address patient, do not rush, use short sentences, and ask yes/no questions multicultural We are diverse in different ways and we should all respect everyone's beliefs/cultures culture consists of values, beliefs, systems of language, communication, and practices that people share in common and that can be used to define them as a collective. The theory of culture diversity and universality Madeleine Leininger. This theory provides cultural congruent care to patients acculturation the process by which an individual moves away from culture of origin and begins to adopt a new cultural orientation. Ex: being americanized Assimilation the social process of absorbing one cultural group and understanding their beliefs dominant culture the culture of the most majority group in society Subculture a culture within a culture subculture vulnerable populations -homeless -poor -mentally ill -people with physical disabilities -the very young -elderly adults -Ethnic and racial minority groups culture specifics in patient care -communication -time-orientated -health and illness beliefs and practices (scientific, magic-religion, holistic) -biological variations -religion and philosophy -education -technology -policies/law -economy Traditional and Alternative Healing -Folk Medicine- traditional healing ex: aspirin -Complementary Medicine- acupuncture, massage, tai chi/ drinking green tea. Is used in addition to standard treatments. -Alternative medicine-is used instead of standard treatments. Barriers to culturally competent care bias, ethnocentrism, cultural stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, racism, sexism, language barrier(street talk, slang, jargon), lack of knowledge, and emotional responses Ethnocentrism Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group. cultural competence having an awareness and acceptance of cultures and the ability to interact effectively with people of diverse cultures. Overall, Use a respectful attitude, use knowledge, and use that to apply the necessary skills to enhance patient care. Client Assessment -Health History -Language -Ethnic identity/affiliation -Religious practice -Primary decision maker -Social support -Physical assessment -Psysiological Variations Communicating W/ Clients who Speak Different Languages -Interpreter or Translator (In person or virtual) -Internet and computer translation software Nursing Strategies =Cultutal care preservation/maintenance -Cultural care accommodation -Cultural care negotiation -Cultural care repatterning/ restructuring Journey Towards Cultural Competence Take a trip to "BALI" -Be aware of your own cultural heritage -Appreciate that the client is unique; influenced, but not defined by this culture -Learn about the client's cultural group -Incorporate the client's cultural values/behaviors into the care plan Core Issues of Spirituality -Faith -Hope -Love -Cures, miracles, and spirtual healing Judaism Kosher (no pork, certain types of food, or combination of dairy & meat). Chritianity Jesus' death atoned for the sins of humans, providing a way to experience the forgiveness of God and to gain eternal life. Seventh Day Adventist -Saturday is the Sabbath- a day of rest and worship -Do no secular work or unnecessary buisness on Saturday -Refrain from body piercing, tattoos, jewelry -Recommends vegetarian diet and no pork Jehovah's Witness -Do not accept blood transfusion -Do not eat raw meat, red meat, or meat that has not been bled properly -Abstain from tobacco and other recreational drugs, they may drink alcohol but do not condone drunkeness Islam -Submits to Allah -Women may refuse vaginal examination by a male nurse or physician because they are forbidden to expose their bodies to or be touched by any man other than their husband Indigenous People/ Native Americans -Health is a state of harmony with nature -The traditional healer is the medicine man or woman who is wise in the interrelationships of land, humankind, and the universe -Note-taking by the professional may be considered forbidden -Native Americans may converse in a low tone of voice and may maintain long periods of silence Barriers to Spiritual Care -Lack of awareness of spirituality in general -Lack of awareness of your own spiritual belief system -Differences in spirtuality between nurse and client -Fear that your knowledge base is insufficient -Fear of where spiritual discussions may lead Sources of information about spirtuality -Client environment -Client questions -Client's behaviors, moods, and feelings -Nonverbal communication Benefits of Spirtual Well Being -Greater enjoyment of daily life -Renewed relationships -A sense of being at peace with oneself, others, one's God, and the world -A sense that one is truly valued, that life has meaning and purpose -Nurses should strive to address the spiritual needs of our clients and their families Important to Note -Gain self-knowledge -Be open -Welcome challenges -Take time to reflect -Nonjudgmental attitudes -Be aware of your biases Nurse Interventions (Spirtual Care) -Active listening -Presence -Touch -Exploring meaning -Reminiscence therapy -Spiritual support -Forgiveness facilitation -Hope inspiration -Prayer Which individual provided care in tents and was the founder of the American Red Cross? A.Lavinia Dock B.Edward Lyon C.Clara Barton D.Dorothea Dix C. Clara Barton Which organization is directly responsible for regulating the practice of nursing in each state? A.The state board of nursing B.The state legislature C.The American Nurses Association D.The American Medical Association A. The state board of nursing You discover that you need a minor surgical procedure where you will be hospitalized for several days. Your surgeon operates out of several hospitals. Which hospital do you choose and why? The nurse is teaching the client about their upcoming procedure and the client is very stressed. What is most important for the nurse to do? A.Use humor first to decrease the client's stress level. B.Determine if the teaching should take place at a different time. C.Introduce themself as the RN to give credibility to their message. D.Speak to the client when family members are there so they can teach the client. B. Determine if the teaching should take place at a different time. The basis for safe, effective care is thinking, doing, and caring. The nurse is caring for a patient with dementia, who is agitated and having trouble reasoning. How might the nurse show caring when providing a morning bed bath? Give some examples Talk to them with kindness and patience. Let them know what you will be doing every step of the way so they do not get confused or frightened. Reassure them that they are okay and give them a bath gently and with great care. Your patient with addiction to prescription pain reliever is aggressively insisting that they need a higher dose than prescribed. Establishing a therapeutic relationship with this patient could be challenging. What do you think could cause this to happen? Patient factors? Nurse factors? Family factors? -What challenges might the nurse experience in establishing patient boundaries within a therapeutic relationship? -Give an example of how the patient might be experiencing this situation. -Describe your own experience in establishing a therapeutic relationship that worked or didn't work. Have a nursing intervention with patient and their family -address family issues and promote coping skills to control substance abuse. Talk to client of how they are feeling and establish an effective after-care plan. -Let the patient tell their story -Get to the heart of the matter -Therapeutic relationship can develop if you show empathy and respect. -Establish trust. -Patient must be experiencing fear because of confrontation and may also feel ashamed. Reassure them the pain medication they have been prescribe is enough and that its dangerous to consume a higher dos