UCLA ANTHRO 1 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔genotype - ✔✔particular combination of genes or alleles that an individual carries
✔✔phenotype - ✔✔observable characteristics
✔✔dominant - ✔✔individuals with one allele of this type have same phenotype as those
with two
✔✔recessive - ✔✔no effect on phenotype in heterzygotes
✔✔recombination - ✔✔sexual reproduction shuffles genes that affect different traits
✔✔crossing over - ✔✔creates chromosomes with combinations of genes not present in
parents
✔✔locus - ✔✔site of gene on a chromosome
✔✔genome - ✔✔all genes carried on all chromosomes
✔✔linked - ✔✔loci for different traits occur on the same chromosome
✔✔unlinked - ✔✔loci on different chromosomes
✔✔selection pressure - ✔✔speed of selection (faster for stronger)
✔✔vestigial structures - ✔✔remnant of a structure that may have had an important
function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.
✔✔mendel's principles - ✔✔1) characteristics of organisms are determined by two
particles
2) each particle is equally likely to be transmitted when gametes are formed
✔✔DNA - ✔✔A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the
chromosomes.
✔✔Francis Crick and James Watson - ✔✔discovered the structure of DNA
✔✔bases - ✔✔Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
✔✔protein coding genes - ✔✔Specifies the structure of proteins
✔✔enzymes - ✔✔proteins that act as biological catalysts
, ✔✔regulatory genes - ✔✔Determines the conditions under which the message encoded
in a protein coding gene will be expressed.
✔✔RNA - ✔✔ribonucleic acid
✔✔biochemical pathways - ✔✔complex tangle of benches each compound is involved
in
✔✔collagen - ✔✔strengthens ligaments and tendons
✔✔proteins - ✔✔Chains of amino acids
✔✔amino acids - ✔✔building blocks of proteins
✔✔tertiary structure - ✔✔3D shape of a folded protein
✔✔hemoglobin - ✔✔The protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells.
✔✔sickle-cell anemia - ✔✔a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin,
resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
✔✔codons - ✔✔A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a
particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
✔✔uracil - ✔✔Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA.
✔✔mrna - ✔✔carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
✔✔trna - ✔✔carries amino acids to the ribosome
✔✔anticodon - ✔✔group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to
an mRNA
✔✔ribosomes - ✔✔site of protein synthesis
✔✔organelle - ✔✔A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
✔✔Prokaryote - ✔✔organisms without chromosome or cell nucleus
✔✔eukaryote - ✔✔organism whose cells contain a nucleus
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔genotype - ✔✔particular combination of genes or alleles that an individual carries
✔✔phenotype - ✔✔observable characteristics
✔✔dominant - ✔✔individuals with one allele of this type have same phenotype as those
with two
✔✔recessive - ✔✔no effect on phenotype in heterzygotes
✔✔recombination - ✔✔sexual reproduction shuffles genes that affect different traits
✔✔crossing over - ✔✔creates chromosomes with combinations of genes not present in
parents
✔✔locus - ✔✔site of gene on a chromosome
✔✔genome - ✔✔all genes carried on all chromosomes
✔✔linked - ✔✔loci for different traits occur on the same chromosome
✔✔unlinked - ✔✔loci on different chromosomes
✔✔selection pressure - ✔✔speed of selection (faster for stronger)
✔✔vestigial structures - ✔✔remnant of a structure that may have had an important
function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.
✔✔mendel's principles - ✔✔1) characteristics of organisms are determined by two
particles
2) each particle is equally likely to be transmitted when gametes are formed
✔✔DNA - ✔✔A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the
chromosomes.
✔✔Francis Crick and James Watson - ✔✔discovered the structure of DNA
✔✔bases - ✔✔Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
✔✔protein coding genes - ✔✔Specifies the structure of proteins
✔✔enzymes - ✔✔proteins that act as biological catalysts
, ✔✔regulatory genes - ✔✔Determines the conditions under which the message encoded
in a protein coding gene will be expressed.
✔✔RNA - ✔✔ribonucleic acid
✔✔biochemical pathways - ✔✔complex tangle of benches each compound is involved
in
✔✔collagen - ✔✔strengthens ligaments and tendons
✔✔proteins - ✔✔Chains of amino acids
✔✔amino acids - ✔✔building blocks of proteins
✔✔tertiary structure - ✔✔3D shape of a folded protein
✔✔hemoglobin - ✔✔The protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells.
✔✔sickle-cell anemia - ✔✔a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin,
resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
✔✔codons - ✔✔A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a
particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.
✔✔uracil - ✔✔Nitrogen base that pairs with adenine in RNA.
✔✔mrna - ✔✔carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
✔✔trna - ✔✔carries amino acids to the ribosome
✔✔anticodon - ✔✔group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to
an mRNA
✔✔ribosomes - ✔✔site of protein synthesis
✔✔organelle - ✔✔A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
✔✔Prokaryote - ✔✔organisms without chromosome or cell nucleus
✔✔eukaryote - ✔✔organism whose cells contain a nucleus
