Nagelhout Chapter 15: Chemistry and Physics
for Nurse Anesthesia Questions and Complete
Solutions
Solubility - ANSWER-The ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given
temperature and pressure (for anesthesia think of gas dissolved into a liquid)
Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius - ANSWER-F= (9/5)C+ 32
ppm (parts per million) - ANSWER-An expression of concentration denoting micrograms
(10"6 g) of solute per gram of solution
PPM = (g of solute/g of solvent) X 1,000,000
significant figures rules - ANSWER-Non-zeros are always significant
Any Zeros between sig figs are significant
Zeros to the right of the decimal point preceding no zeros numbers are NOT significant
(I.e 0.000431)
Trailing zeros are NOT significant (200 = 1 sig; 25,300 = 3 sig)
Convert Celsius to Kelvin - ANSWER-K = C + 273.15
Common conversion factors - ANSWER-1 Kg=2.2lbs
1 in = 2.54cm
Percent concentrations - ANSWER-X% concentration = Xg/100mL
To easily convert X% concentration to mg/mL simply move the decimal point to the right
one spot (i.e 0.9% NaCl = 9mg NaCl/mL)
1:1,000 means: - ANSWER-1g/1000ml (g:mL)
Max dose lidocaine with Epi - ANSWER-7mg/kg
Max dose lidocaine w/o Epi - ANSWER-4.5mg/kg
Elements - ANSWER-A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into
simpler units by chemical reactions.
Compounds - ANSWER-Molecules that contain more than one element
Molecule - ANSWER-Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Solutes - ANSWER-substance dissolved in a solution
, solvent (n) - ANSWER-substance, usually liquid, able to dissolve another substance
(water, ethanol, acetone)
Solutions - ANSWER-Homogeneous mixtures; Two or more substances
covalent bond - ANSWER-A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons
between atoms in a molecule
ionic bond - ANSWER-A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely
charged ions. One metal and one non-metal (compounds are NOT molecules).
functional groups - ANSWER-the components of organic molecules that are most
commonly involved in chemical reactions
Alkanes - ANSWER-a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds
Alkenes - ANSWER-Hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
amine group - ANSWER-the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid -NH2
Alcohol group - ANSWER--OH
Ether general formula - ANSWER-R-O-R
Henry's law - ANSWER-At constant temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid
is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas at equilibrium
⬆️ Pressure = ⬆️ gas molecule dissolved into a liquid
⬆️ Temperature = ⬇️ solubility (fewer molecules dissolved into solution)
Henry's Law: Pressure and Solubility - ANSWER-As pressure increases; Solubility
increases; (forcing molecules into the solution)
Temperature and Solubility - ANSWER-As temperature increases the Solubility of a
substance decreases
N2O contraindications - ANSWER-Due to the high solubility of N2O
Open globe injuries
Middle ear procedures
Obstructed bowel
Pneumothorax
partial pressure - ANSWER-the contribution each gas in a mixture of gases makes to
the total pressure; Also known as Tension
Permeability coefficient - ANSWER-Value for the permeability of a substance; The
smaller the number the less permeable (or slower to move through membrane)
for Nurse Anesthesia Questions and Complete
Solutions
Solubility - ANSWER-The ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given
temperature and pressure (for anesthesia think of gas dissolved into a liquid)
Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius - ANSWER-F= (9/5)C+ 32
ppm (parts per million) - ANSWER-An expression of concentration denoting micrograms
(10"6 g) of solute per gram of solution
PPM = (g of solute/g of solvent) X 1,000,000
significant figures rules - ANSWER-Non-zeros are always significant
Any Zeros between sig figs are significant
Zeros to the right of the decimal point preceding no zeros numbers are NOT significant
(I.e 0.000431)
Trailing zeros are NOT significant (200 = 1 sig; 25,300 = 3 sig)
Convert Celsius to Kelvin - ANSWER-K = C + 273.15
Common conversion factors - ANSWER-1 Kg=2.2lbs
1 in = 2.54cm
Percent concentrations - ANSWER-X% concentration = Xg/100mL
To easily convert X% concentration to mg/mL simply move the decimal point to the right
one spot (i.e 0.9% NaCl = 9mg NaCl/mL)
1:1,000 means: - ANSWER-1g/1000ml (g:mL)
Max dose lidocaine with Epi - ANSWER-7mg/kg
Max dose lidocaine w/o Epi - ANSWER-4.5mg/kg
Elements - ANSWER-A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into
simpler units by chemical reactions.
Compounds - ANSWER-Molecules that contain more than one element
Molecule - ANSWER-Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Solutes - ANSWER-substance dissolved in a solution
, solvent (n) - ANSWER-substance, usually liquid, able to dissolve another substance
(water, ethanol, acetone)
Solutions - ANSWER-Homogeneous mixtures; Two or more substances
covalent bond - ANSWER-A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons
between atoms in a molecule
ionic bond - ANSWER-A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely
charged ions. One metal and one non-metal (compounds are NOT molecules).
functional groups - ANSWER-the components of organic molecules that are most
commonly involved in chemical reactions
Alkanes - ANSWER-a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds
Alkenes - ANSWER-Hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
amine group - ANSWER-the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid -NH2
Alcohol group - ANSWER--OH
Ether general formula - ANSWER-R-O-R
Henry's law - ANSWER-At constant temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid
is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas at equilibrium
⬆️ Pressure = ⬆️ gas molecule dissolved into a liquid
⬆️ Temperature = ⬇️ solubility (fewer molecules dissolved into solution)
Henry's Law: Pressure and Solubility - ANSWER-As pressure increases; Solubility
increases; (forcing molecules into the solution)
Temperature and Solubility - ANSWER-As temperature increases the Solubility of a
substance decreases
N2O contraindications - ANSWER-Due to the high solubility of N2O
Open globe injuries
Middle ear procedures
Obstructed bowel
Pneumothorax
partial pressure - ANSWER-the contribution each gas in a mixture of gases makes to
the total pressure; Also known as Tension
Permeability coefficient - ANSWER-Value for the permeability of a substance; The
smaller the number the less permeable (or slower to move through membrane)
