Test bank GMS6419: medical endocrine
and reproductive physiology questions
and answers
what are the three components of the endocrine system endocrine glands
hormones
target organs/target cells
definition of hormones chemical messengers that are transported by the blood to target
cells/organs where they elicit a physiological change
what is the function of the endocrine system to regulate cellular and organ function
throughout life and maintain normal body homeostasis
the endocrine system regulates: -growth/developmental processes
-reproduction
-energy balance/metabolism
-body temperature
-stress responses
-sodium/potassium/calcium/phosphate
-water and sodium balance
-cardiovascular regulation
-GI system
where are hormones made by the glands
how are the endocrine and neurocrine systems different there is no endocrine gland so the
hormone is released from the nerve terminal instead
where are hormones released in the paracrine and autocrine systems into the interstitial
fluid and then to the receptors on target cells
examples of paracrine and autocrine systems growth factors
,cytokines
neurotransmitters (NTs)
what are the major endocrine glandshypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal gland
pancreas
ovaries
testes
what are the master endocrine glands hypothalamus
pituitary gland
hypothalamus hormones releasing/inhibiting hormones
pituitary gland hormones ACTH
TSH
GH
LH
FSH
PRL
SST
AVP
OT
thyroid gland hormones T3
T4
CT
parathyroid gland hormones PTH
,adrenal gland hormones ALDO
CORT
EPI
NE
pancreas hormones insulin
glucagon
ovarian hormones estrogen
progesterone
inhibin
testes hormones testosterone
inhibin
what are the three major classes of hormones proteins/peptides (largest group)
steroids/steroid-like molecules
tyrosine-derived hormones
where are most peptide hormones made intracellularly
steps of making a peptide hormone starts with DNA
mRNA
preprohormone (ribosomes)
prohormone (endoplasmic reticulum)
hormone (golgi bodies)
where do peptide hormones go once they are made stored in secretory/storage granules
until they are released
characteristics of peptide hormones hydrophilic (water soluble)
usually circulate freely in blood
short half-life (rapid metabolism and excretion)
bind to membrane receptors at target cell
, what triggers exocytosis of peptide hormones from cell Calcium
example of a peptide hormone that is synthesized extracellularly angiotensin II
examples of steroids and steroid-like hormones aldosterone (ALDO)
cortisol (CORT)
estradiol (E2)
progesterone (P)
testosterone (T)
1,25 (OH)2D3 (derivative of vitamin D3)
what are all steroids/steroid-like hormones derived from cholesterol
where are steroids/steroid-like hormones made intracellularly, but not stored in vessicles
characteristics of steroids/steroid-like hormones -released by diffusion through plasma
membrane
-lipid soluble, water insoluble
-circulate in blood bound to a binding protein
-long half life (slow metabolism and excretion)
-have intracellular receptors at target cells bc lipid soluble
examples of tyrosine-derived hormones -dopamine (DA)
-epinephrine (EPI) aka adrenaline
-norepinephrine (NE) aka noradrenalin
-thyroxine (T4)
-triiodothyronine (T3)
where are DA, EPI, and NE tyrosine-derived hormones made in adrenal gland in adrenal
medulla
where are T4 and T3 tyrosine-derived hormones made in thyroid gland
what are EPI and NE known as catecholamines
characteristics of DA, EPI, and NE -stored in secretory granules
-released by exocytosis
and reproductive physiology questions
and answers
what are the three components of the endocrine system endocrine glands
hormones
target organs/target cells
definition of hormones chemical messengers that are transported by the blood to target
cells/organs where they elicit a physiological change
what is the function of the endocrine system to regulate cellular and organ function
throughout life and maintain normal body homeostasis
the endocrine system regulates: -growth/developmental processes
-reproduction
-energy balance/metabolism
-body temperature
-stress responses
-sodium/potassium/calcium/phosphate
-water and sodium balance
-cardiovascular regulation
-GI system
where are hormones made by the glands
how are the endocrine and neurocrine systems different there is no endocrine gland so the
hormone is released from the nerve terminal instead
where are hormones released in the paracrine and autocrine systems into the interstitial
fluid and then to the receptors on target cells
examples of paracrine and autocrine systems growth factors
,cytokines
neurotransmitters (NTs)
what are the major endocrine glandshypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal gland
pancreas
ovaries
testes
what are the master endocrine glands hypothalamus
pituitary gland
hypothalamus hormones releasing/inhibiting hormones
pituitary gland hormones ACTH
TSH
GH
LH
FSH
PRL
SST
AVP
OT
thyroid gland hormones T3
T4
CT
parathyroid gland hormones PTH
,adrenal gland hormones ALDO
CORT
EPI
NE
pancreas hormones insulin
glucagon
ovarian hormones estrogen
progesterone
inhibin
testes hormones testosterone
inhibin
what are the three major classes of hormones proteins/peptides (largest group)
steroids/steroid-like molecules
tyrosine-derived hormones
where are most peptide hormones made intracellularly
steps of making a peptide hormone starts with DNA
mRNA
preprohormone (ribosomes)
prohormone (endoplasmic reticulum)
hormone (golgi bodies)
where do peptide hormones go once they are made stored in secretory/storage granules
until they are released
characteristics of peptide hormones hydrophilic (water soluble)
usually circulate freely in blood
short half-life (rapid metabolism and excretion)
bind to membrane receptors at target cell
, what triggers exocytosis of peptide hormones from cell Calcium
example of a peptide hormone that is synthesized extracellularly angiotensin II
examples of steroids and steroid-like hormones aldosterone (ALDO)
cortisol (CORT)
estradiol (E2)
progesterone (P)
testosterone (T)
1,25 (OH)2D3 (derivative of vitamin D3)
what are all steroids/steroid-like hormones derived from cholesterol
where are steroids/steroid-like hormones made intracellularly, but not stored in vessicles
characteristics of steroids/steroid-like hormones -released by diffusion through plasma
membrane
-lipid soluble, water insoluble
-circulate in blood bound to a binding protein
-long half life (slow metabolism and excretion)
-have intracellular receptors at target cells bc lipid soluble
examples of tyrosine-derived hormones -dopamine (DA)
-epinephrine (EPI) aka adrenaline
-norepinephrine (NE) aka noradrenalin
-thyroxine (T4)
-triiodothyronine (T3)
where are DA, EPI, and NE tyrosine-derived hormones made in adrenal gland in adrenal
medulla
where are T4 and T3 tyrosine-derived hormones made in thyroid gland
what are EPI and NE known as catecholamines
characteristics of DA, EPI, and NE -stored in secretory granules
-released by exocytosis
