ASU BIO 201 EXAM 3 Questions and Answers
3 kinds of muscle tissue - ✔✔✔skeletal, cardiac, smooth
major purpose of muscle - ✔✔✔converting chemical energy in ATP --> mechanical energy of motion
muscle functions - ✔✔✔-movement of: whole body, body parts, organ contents
-stability: maintain posture and prevent mvmt.
-communication: speech, facial expressions and writing
-control of openings and passageways: sphincters
-body heat production
characterizations of connective tissues of a muscle - ✔✔✔fascia, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
CT elements and how they merge with other tissues - ✔✔✔Tendons = attachments between muscle and
bone, dense-regular CT made of collagen fibers, epimysium surrounding entire muscle is continuous
with collagen fibers of tendons
role of collagen in connective tissues - ✔✔✔stretches slightly under tension and recoils when released
-resists excessive stretching and protects muscle from injury
-returns muscle to resting length
-contribute to power output and muscle efficiency
skeletal muscle shapes (with examples) - ✔✔✔Fusiform: biceps bracchi, gastrocnemius
Triangular (convergent): pec major, temporalis
Parallel: rectus abdominus, zygomaticus major
Circular: orbicularis oculi, urethral and anal sphincters
Pennate: rectus femoris, deltoid
,ways in which muscle attach to bone - ✔✔✔Indirect: tendons attach muscle to bone
Direct: fleshy attachment to bone
Some skeletal muscles do not insert on bone, but in dermis of the skin
how tendons attach muscle to bone - ✔✔✔collagen fibers fibers of endo-, peri-, and epimysium
continue into the tendon, the tendon merges into the periosteum of bone
-aponeurosis: tendon is a broad, flat sheet
origin and insertion definition - ✔✔✔Origin: bony attachment at stationary end of muscle
Insertion: bony attachment to mobile end of muscle
functional groups of muscles with example - ✔✔✔for elbow flexion
Prime mover (agonist): brachialis
Synergist: biceps brachii
Antagonist: triceps brachii
Fixator: rhomboideus
intrinsic vs extrinsic muscles - ✔✔✔Intrinsic: contained within a region (both origin and insertion there)
Extrinsic: act on a designated regions, but has origins elsewhere
characteristics of muscle - ✔✔✔Responsiveness (excitability): to chemical signals, stretch and electrical
changes across plasma membrane
Conductivity: local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber
Contractility: shortens when stimulated
Extensibility: capable of being stretched between contractions
Elasticity: returns to its original resting length after being stretched
properties of skeletal muscle - ✔✔✔voluntary, straitaed muscle attached to one or more bones
, myofiber - ✔✔✔muscle cell/muscle fiber, composed of myofibrils
myofibrils - ✔✔✔long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the interior of a muscle fiber,
composed of myofilaments
myofilament - ✔✔✔protein microfilament responsible for muscle cell contraction, composed of myosin
or actin proteins
functions of each part of a muscle fiber - ✔✔✔Sarcolemma: plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Mitochondria: packed in spaces between myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril-calcium reservoir
Terminal cisternae: dilated end-sacs of SR which cross muscle fiber from one side to the other
T tubules: tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the
other side
Triad: a T tubule and 2 terminal cisterns
Internal proteins: long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the sarcoplasm
Multiple nuclei: flattened nuclei pressed against the inside of the sarcolemma
Glycogen and Myoglobin functions - ✔✔✔Glycogen: stored in abundance to provide energy with
heightened exercise
Myoglobin: red pigment that stores oxygen needed for muscle activity
Process of muscle growth and repair - ✔✔✔Repair by fibrosis rather than regeneration of functional
muscle
3 kinds of myofilaments found in a myofibril - ✔✔✔Thick filaments: myosin proteins
Thin filaments: primarily actin proteins
Elastic filaments: titin (connectin) proteins
3 kinds of muscle tissue - ✔✔✔skeletal, cardiac, smooth
major purpose of muscle - ✔✔✔converting chemical energy in ATP --> mechanical energy of motion
muscle functions - ✔✔✔-movement of: whole body, body parts, organ contents
-stability: maintain posture and prevent mvmt.
-communication: speech, facial expressions and writing
-control of openings and passageways: sphincters
-body heat production
characterizations of connective tissues of a muscle - ✔✔✔fascia, epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
CT elements and how they merge with other tissues - ✔✔✔Tendons = attachments between muscle and
bone, dense-regular CT made of collagen fibers, epimysium surrounding entire muscle is continuous
with collagen fibers of tendons
role of collagen in connective tissues - ✔✔✔stretches slightly under tension and recoils when released
-resists excessive stretching and protects muscle from injury
-returns muscle to resting length
-contribute to power output and muscle efficiency
skeletal muscle shapes (with examples) - ✔✔✔Fusiform: biceps bracchi, gastrocnemius
Triangular (convergent): pec major, temporalis
Parallel: rectus abdominus, zygomaticus major
Circular: orbicularis oculi, urethral and anal sphincters
Pennate: rectus femoris, deltoid
,ways in which muscle attach to bone - ✔✔✔Indirect: tendons attach muscle to bone
Direct: fleshy attachment to bone
Some skeletal muscles do not insert on bone, but in dermis of the skin
how tendons attach muscle to bone - ✔✔✔collagen fibers fibers of endo-, peri-, and epimysium
continue into the tendon, the tendon merges into the periosteum of bone
-aponeurosis: tendon is a broad, flat sheet
origin and insertion definition - ✔✔✔Origin: bony attachment at stationary end of muscle
Insertion: bony attachment to mobile end of muscle
functional groups of muscles with example - ✔✔✔for elbow flexion
Prime mover (agonist): brachialis
Synergist: biceps brachii
Antagonist: triceps brachii
Fixator: rhomboideus
intrinsic vs extrinsic muscles - ✔✔✔Intrinsic: contained within a region (both origin and insertion there)
Extrinsic: act on a designated regions, but has origins elsewhere
characteristics of muscle - ✔✔✔Responsiveness (excitability): to chemical signals, stretch and electrical
changes across plasma membrane
Conductivity: local electrical change triggers a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber
Contractility: shortens when stimulated
Extensibility: capable of being stretched between contractions
Elasticity: returns to its original resting length after being stretched
properties of skeletal muscle - ✔✔✔voluntary, straitaed muscle attached to one or more bones
, myofiber - ✔✔✔muscle cell/muscle fiber, composed of myofibrils
myofibrils - ✔✔✔long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the interior of a muscle fiber,
composed of myofilaments
myofilament - ✔✔✔protein microfilament responsible for muscle cell contraction, composed of myosin
or actin proteins
functions of each part of a muscle fiber - ✔✔✔Sarcolemma: plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Mitochondria: packed in spaces between myofibrils
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR): smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril-calcium reservoir
Terminal cisternae: dilated end-sacs of SR which cross muscle fiber from one side to the other
T tubules: tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the
other side
Triad: a T tubule and 2 terminal cisterns
Internal proteins: long protein bundles that occupy the main portion of the sarcoplasm
Multiple nuclei: flattened nuclei pressed against the inside of the sarcolemma
Glycogen and Myoglobin functions - ✔✔✔Glycogen: stored in abundance to provide energy with
heightened exercise
Myoglobin: red pigment that stores oxygen needed for muscle activity
Process of muscle growth and repair - ✔✔✔Repair by fibrosis rather than regeneration of functional
muscle
3 kinds of myofilaments found in a myofibril - ✔✔✔Thick filaments: myosin proteins
Thin filaments: primarily actin proteins
Elastic filaments: titin (connectin) proteins
