Psychopharmacology Final Exam 189
complete A+ PASS GRADE
Psychopharmacology Final Exam 189
complete A+ PASS GRADE
Acute anxiety - ANSWER - Occurs in response to real-life stressors, and symptoms occur only in response
to these events
-Anxiolytics in the benzodiazepine are effective for relieving this type of anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - ANSWER - Symptoms of anxiety but with no real focus
- Present for much of the day, and persist for months or years
- Constant worry and continuously predict, anticipate, or imagine dreadful events
- Life is generally stressful, and even minor events provoke worry
- Being late for an appointment, not completing a task, or making a minor mistake are all causes of
worry
- Muscle tension and agitation lead to fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, and sleep problems
- Most cases begin gradually in the teens or early adulthood and persist throughout life
Panic Attack - ANSWER - When a person experiences all the responses of a fear reaction without a
threatening stimulus
- Sudden intense fearfulness is accompanied by strong arousal of the sympathetic ANS
- Pounding or chest pain, sweating, shortness of breath, faintness, choking, and the fear of losing control
- May occur in the response to a particular environmental cue OR
- Totally without warning in unexpected fashion OR
- In a situation where an attack occurred previously, this making it more likely to occur again
Panic Disorder - ANSWER - Late 20's and may last for many years, with attacks occurring at different
frequencies and intensities over that time
- Person experiences both panic, and anxiety (called anticipatory anxiety) over the possibility that he or
she my have an attack in a place that is not safe
,Psychopharmacology Final Exam 189
complete A+ PASS GRADE
Anticipatory Anxiety - ANSWER Feeling of extreme worry over the possibility that a certain unpleasant
event will occur in a particular, often public situation
Agoraphobia - ANSWER - A fear of public places and subsequent avoidance of many common situations
- People with this often lead very limited lives because they never leave the safety of their own home
- Can be in some panic disorders
Phobias - ANSWER - Involve fears that the individual recognizes as irrational
- May focus on specific objects or situations such as high places, closed-in spaces, water, mice, or
snakes, or they may relate to interpersonal situations such as speaking in public
- Can affect daily existence and quality of life
-Significantly alters daily activities
- What is fear can be due, in part, by culture
- Medication rarely needed
Behavioral Desensitization - ANSWER - Common modern method treatment for phobias
- Behavior therapy that involves presenting the fear-inducing stimulus in gradual increments, allowing
the individual to maintain a relaxed state while confronting the source of their fear
Social Phobia - ANSWER - Fear of being around others because of individual is concerned that they might
do something embarrassing
- Restricts public speaking, attending parties, taking exams, and even eating in public places
- Cognitive therapy that modifies negative thoughts such as the likelihood of looking foolish, plus social
skills training- frequently beneficial
PTSD - ANSWER - Experience nightmares and memories that may occur as sudden flashbacks of the
traumatic event
- Show increased physiological activity to reminders of the trauma, sleep disturbances, avoidance of
stimuli associated with the trauma, and a numbing of emotional responses for many years after the
original stress
,Psychopharmacology Final Exam 189
complete A+ PASS GRADE
- Sudden outbursts of irritability that emotionally injure family and friends who are making an effort to
be supportive
- Feel detached from others and fail to experience a full range of emotions, which leads to diminished
interest in life activities
- Probability of attempting suicide is significantly greater as well as substance abuse, marital problems,
depression, and feelings of guilt and anger
OCD - ANSWER - Chronic psych problem that may require hospitalization, or psychosurgery, to control
symptoms
- Obsessions and compulsions
- Intense emotional distress but is often untreated because the individual is so ashamed of the
symptoms he recognizes as irrational, or bizarre
- Involves a high level of metabolic activity in the basal ganglia
Light-Dark Crossing Test - ANSWER - Testing procedure that uses naturalistic behaviors to quantify
anxiety
- Depends on the rodents' inherent tendency to avoid brightly lit areas while preferring the darkened
compartment
- Antianxiety drugs increase the amount of time spent in the lit side
Social Interaction Test - ANSWER - Naturalistic Task
- More fearful animals will spend less time investigating other animals in this
Water-Lick Suppression Test - ANSWER - Conflict procedure
- Reliably screens anxiety-reducing drugs while requiring little training of the animals
- Used to measure anxiety in rodents
- Records their propensity to lick a drinking spout that will also transmit a mild electric shock
, Psychopharmacology Final Exam 189
complete A+ PASS GRADE
Conflict Procedure - ANSWER - Method used to evaluate the level of anxiety felt by an animal by
associating a behavior with both a positive and a negative stimulus and observing its propensity to
perform the behavior
Ex: Water-Lick Suppression Test
Conditioned-Response Suppression - ANSWER Learned response to a neutral stimulus given just prior to
a negative stimulus in an effort to cue an animal to stop (suppress) its behavior
Anxiolytics - ANSWER Drugs that are used to relieve anxiety
- may belong to the class of sedative hypnotics
- Drug should relieve tension and worry and signs of stress that are typical of an anxious person
Sedative Hypnotics - ANSWER - Anxiolytics
- Belong to larger category of CNS depressants
why depression is often associated with pain - ANSWER dysregulation of descending 5HT and NA
pathways to the spinal cord may explain an increased pain perception among
depressed patients
imbalances of 5HT and NA may explain the presence of both emotional and physical symptoms
emotional symptoms of depression - ANSWER sadness
loss of interest/pleasure
overwhelmed
anxiety
diminished ability to think/concentrate/decide
excessive/inappropriate guilt
physical symptoms of depression - ANSWER vague aches/pains
complete A+ PASS GRADE
Psychopharmacology Final Exam 189
complete A+ PASS GRADE
Acute anxiety - ANSWER - Occurs in response to real-life stressors, and symptoms occur only in response
to these events
-Anxiolytics in the benzodiazepine are effective for relieving this type of anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - ANSWER - Symptoms of anxiety but with no real focus
- Present for much of the day, and persist for months or years
- Constant worry and continuously predict, anticipate, or imagine dreadful events
- Life is generally stressful, and even minor events provoke worry
- Being late for an appointment, not completing a task, or making a minor mistake are all causes of
worry
- Muscle tension and agitation lead to fatigue, poor concentration, irritability, and sleep problems
- Most cases begin gradually in the teens or early adulthood and persist throughout life
Panic Attack - ANSWER - When a person experiences all the responses of a fear reaction without a
threatening stimulus
- Sudden intense fearfulness is accompanied by strong arousal of the sympathetic ANS
- Pounding or chest pain, sweating, shortness of breath, faintness, choking, and the fear of losing control
- May occur in the response to a particular environmental cue OR
- Totally without warning in unexpected fashion OR
- In a situation where an attack occurred previously, this making it more likely to occur again
Panic Disorder - ANSWER - Late 20's and may last for many years, with attacks occurring at different
frequencies and intensities over that time
- Person experiences both panic, and anxiety (called anticipatory anxiety) over the possibility that he or
she my have an attack in a place that is not safe
,Psychopharmacology Final Exam 189
complete A+ PASS GRADE
Anticipatory Anxiety - ANSWER Feeling of extreme worry over the possibility that a certain unpleasant
event will occur in a particular, often public situation
Agoraphobia - ANSWER - A fear of public places and subsequent avoidance of many common situations
- People with this often lead very limited lives because they never leave the safety of their own home
- Can be in some panic disorders
Phobias - ANSWER - Involve fears that the individual recognizes as irrational
- May focus on specific objects or situations such as high places, closed-in spaces, water, mice, or
snakes, or they may relate to interpersonal situations such as speaking in public
- Can affect daily existence and quality of life
-Significantly alters daily activities
- What is fear can be due, in part, by culture
- Medication rarely needed
Behavioral Desensitization - ANSWER - Common modern method treatment for phobias
- Behavior therapy that involves presenting the fear-inducing stimulus in gradual increments, allowing
the individual to maintain a relaxed state while confronting the source of their fear
Social Phobia - ANSWER - Fear of being around others because of individual is concerned that they might
do something embarrassing
- Restricts public speaking, attending parties, taking exams, and even eating in public places
- Cognitive therapy that modifies negative thoughts such as the likelihood of looking foolish, plus social
skills training- frequently beneficial
PTSD - ANSWER - Experience nightmares and memories that may occur as sudden flashbacks of the
traumatic event
- Show increased physiological activity to reminders of the trauma, sleep disturbances, avoidance of
stimuli associated with the trauma, and a numbing of emotional responses for many years after the
original stress
,Psychopharmacology Final Exam 189
complete A+ PASS GRADE
- Sudden outbursts of irritability that emotionally injure family and friends who are making an effort to
be supportive
- Feel detached from others and fail to experience a full range of emotions, which leads to diminished
interest in life activities
- Probability of attempting suicide is significantly greater as well as substance abuse, marital problems,
depression, and feelings of guilt and anger
OCD - ANSWER - Chronic psych problem that may require hospitalization, or psychosurgery, to control
symptoms
- Obsessions and compulsions
- Intense emotional distress but is often untreated because the individual is so ashamed of the
symptoms he recognizes as irrational, or bizarre
- Involves a high level of metabolic activity in the basal ganglia
Light-Dark Crossing Test - ANSWER - Testing procedure that uses naturalistic behaviors to quantify
anxiety
- Depends on the rodents' inherent tendency to avoid brightly lit areas while preferring the darkened
compartment
- Antianxiety drugs increase the amount of time spent in the lit side
Social Interaction Test - ANSWER - Naturalistic Task
- More fearful animals will spend less time investigating other animals in this
Water-Lick Suppression Test - ANSWER - Conflict procedure
- Reliably screens anxiety-reducing drugs while requiring little training of the animals
- Used to measure anxiety in rodents
- Records their propensity to lick a drinking spout that will also transmit a mild electric shock
, Psychopharmacology Final Exam 189
complete A+ PASS GRADE
Conflict Procedure - ANSWER - Method used to evaluate the level of anxiety felt by an animal by
associating a behavior with both a positive and a negative stimulus and observing its propensity to
perform the behavior
Ex: Water-Lick Suppression Test
Conditioned-Response Suppression - ANSWER Learned response to a neutral stimulus given just prior to
a negative stimulus in an effort to cue an animal to stop (suppress) its behavior
Anxiolytics - ANSWER Drugs that are used to relieve anxiety
- may belong to the class of sedative hypnotics
- Drug should relieve tension and worry and signs of stress that are typical of an anxious person
Sedative Hypnotics - ANSWER - Anxiolytics
- Belong to larger category of CNS depressants
why depression is often associated with pain - ANSWER dysregulation of descending 5HT and NA
pathways to the spinal cord may explain an increased pain perception among
depressed patients
imbalances of 5HT and NA may explain the presence of both emotional and physical symptoms
emotional symptoms of depression - ANSWER sadness
loss of interest/pleasure
overwhelmed
anxiety
diminished ability to think/concentrate/decide
excessive/inappropriate guilt
physical symptoms of depression - ANSWER vague aches/pains
