BIO 436 Exam 1 Questions with Answers Graded A+
Physiology - Answers Study of how the body works to maintain life
Interstitial Fluid - Answers liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid
environment of the body. Bathes and surrounds cells; main component of ECF
Pulse - Answers A rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them; vibratory
wave is from the heart beat. Can determine 3 things: Heart rate, Rhythm, Strength
Pathophysiology - Answers How physiological processes are altered in disease or injury
Homeostatic Set Points - Answers Few number conditions that need to be maintained
-• Maintain certain amount of oxygen surround cells, CO2, energy molecules like lipids or ketone bodies,
glucose, pH, temperature,
• Idealized conditions are always going to be swinging around set point- maintained through negative
feedback loops
Sensors - Answers A device that detects deviation from set points
Blood Pressure - Answers The pressure of blood on the walls of the arteries, dependent on:
-the energy of the heart action
- elasticity of the arteria walls
- volume and viscosity of the blood
Homeostasis - Answers Homeostasis The tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between
interdependent elements
Integrating Center - Answers Determines response once a sensor has fired
Laminar Flow - Answers Nonturbulent streamlife flow in parallel layers; silent, when fluid moves
unobstructed
Negative Feedback Loop - Answers Maintains set points- tries to negate the deviation
3 step system
1) sensor detects deviation from set point
2) Integrating center- determines response (generally think of as brain- but could also be endocrine
system)
3) Activate Effector0 produce a response to negative derivation from homeostasis
,- Go through cycles 24/7
How is homeostasis maintained? - Answers Negative Feedback Loop
Set Point - Answers The average point, or level, of a certain bodily measurement; example: temperature
set point is 98.6 degrees
Turbulent Flow - Answers Flow in which the velocity at any point varies erratically; makes the sound at
systole AND diastole because blood flow is obstructed
Positive Feedback Loop - Answers A stimulus which elicits a response that heightens the original
stimulus
Effectors - Answers Produce response determined by sensors
Systole/Systolic - Answers Contraction of the heart
Diastole/Diastolic - Answers Relaxation of the heart
Intracellular Fluid - Answers Cytosol/cytoplasm
Extracellular Fluid - Answers Extracellular Fluid Composed of blood plasma (20%) and interstitial fluid
(80%)
Korotkoff Sounds - Answers Sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood
pressure using a non-invasive procedure
Plasma - Answers The colorless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk, in which corpuscles or fat globules are
suspended
Why do we need to maintain homeostasis? - Answers bodies very dynamic; things are always changing-
trying to achieve a stable environment for all cells in our body; as constant an internal environment as
we can possibly produce
• Cell have taken on specialized activities- make up organs and organ systems
• Different variables- oxygen content in blood, glucose content in blood; etc. - need to maintain
variables to maintain homeostasis
Cell Membrane - Answers Hydrophobic barrier to hydrophilic molecules
-it will be selective in what hydrophobic molecules it allows to pass through
What does biochemistry in a cell? - Answers Cytosol/cytoplasm
Simple/Passive Diffusion Molecules - Answers normally move from areas of high to low concentration;
does not require input of chemical energy
,Hydrophilic - Answers Molecules that are hydrophilic can have 1 of 2 bonds
1) covalent bonding- sharing of electrons (polar covalent molecule- sharing electrons unequally- like
water molecules)
2) Ionic bond- electronegativities are very different; ex: NaCl; one has an extra electron and the other
only needs 1 electron-- Na has net + charge and Chlorine has net - charge
-water loving
Properties of Ions when put into water - Answers will dissociate or separate and become
Hydrophobic - Answers water hating
-prototype- triglyceride- formed by taking glycerol (hydrophilic) backbone and attach 3 fatty acids-
hydrophobic- no charged areas
Phospholipids - Answers looks like triglyceride
have glycerol backbone (3 carbons on it); 2 fatty acids and instead of a 3rd fatty acid- has a polar head
group on it- has a phosphate
-Now molecule has hydrophobic (fatty acids) and hydrophilic (polar head) region- both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic- amphipathic
Critical Mycelar Concentration (CMC) - Answers Amount of phospholipids need to form mycel- need
enough to actually form bilayer in water- rudiment of artificial cell (mycel)
Polar - Answers When the sharing of electrons is unequal- ex: water molecule; usually hydrophilic- like
phosphate head group on phospohlipids
Non polar - Answers When sharing of electrons is equal- usually hydrophobic- ex: triglycerides; fatty
acids
Phospholipid Bilayer - Answers Not bound together; just trying to protect lipid tails
Transmembrane Proteins - Answers integrated into cell layer; able to generate passageways for
hydrophilic molecules; and can control whether molecules go in and out or not
Cholesterol - Answers Primarily hydrophobic
Has OH group on it- gives it enough amphipathic character- can exist by hydrophilic head groups while
bulk of molecule by hydrophobic tails- can be a blockage to theoretical passageways
Carbohydrates on cell membrane - Answers All on outside cell- don't find attached to inside cell
, -serve as recognition and communication
Fluid Mosaic Model - Answers Realized when you look on the surface- you have all these lipids that
could move all around- it looks like a piece of art work due to proteins?
proteins and carbs can tether lipids together so it does decrease some mobility- but can move around
What are the 3 mechanisms of getting molecules in and out of cell - Answers 1) Simple and passive
diffusion
2) Facilitated diffusion
3) Active Transport
(1 and 2- diffusion is the major process that is driving the movement)
Net Diffusion - Answers The net movement of particles because of a concentration gradient
-Diffusion always occurs- it never stops; physiology looks for a diffusion that can observe or measure
• Movement of a molecule from a high concentrated area to lower concentrated area
Thermal Energy - Answers Form of energy that can be measured by a thermometer; everything has
thermal energy
-Every molecule because of thermal energy- would be moving around- solids, gases, liquids
-Include both the kinetic energy and potential energy of a system's constituent particles
Molecules that can diffuse through membrane by simple diffusion - Answers -N2, O2, CO2- hydrophobic
and gas form- can easily diffuse
-Small uncharged polar molecules like Ethanol and Urea and water are slightly permeable (if membrane
has a lot of cholesterol in it- water will not be able to permeate easily through membrane)- if small
enough can diffuse through membrane- most membranes water is freely permeable only a few with too
much cholesterol
Molecules that are impermeable to membrane by simple diffusion - Answers Large uncharged polar
molecules- glucose, fructose (because too big)
Ions- K+; Mg2+; Ca 2+; Cl-; HCO3-; HPO42- (because charged)
Charged Polar Molecules- amino acids, ATP, glucose 6-phosphate, proteins, nucleic acids (charged AND
polar)
What affects the rate of diffusion - Answers -Size(small cell- reduce surface area- less collisions);
-Molecular Weight- the larger molecular weight- less diffusion,
Physiology - Answers Study of how the body works to maintain life
Interstitial Fluid - Answers liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid
environment of the body. Bathes and surrounds cells; main component of ECF
Pulse - Answers A rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them; vibratory
wave is from the heart beat. Can determine 3 things: Heart rate, Rhythm, Strength
Pathophysiology - Answers How physiological processes are altered in disease or injury
Homeostatic Set Points - Answers Few number conditions that need to be maintained
-• Maintain certain amount of oxygen surround cells, CO2, energy molecules like lipids or ketone bodies,
glucose, pH, temperature,
• Idealized conditions are always going to be swinging around set point- maintained through negative
feedback loops
Sensors - Answers A device that detects deviation from set points
Blood Pressure - Answers The pressure of blood on the walls of the arteries, dependent on:
-the energy of the heart action
- elasticity of the arteria walls
- volume and viscosity of the blood
Homeostasis - Answers Homeostasis The tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between
interdependent elements
Integrating Center - Answers Determines response once a sensor has fired
Laminar Flow - Answers Nonturbulent streamlife flow in parallel layers; silent, when fluid moves
unobstructed
Negative Feedback Loop - Answers Maintains set points- tries to negate the deviation
3 step system
1) sensor detects deviation from set point
2) Integrating center- determines response (generally think of as brain- but could also be endocrine
system)
3) Activate Effector0 produce a response to negative derivation from homeostasis
,- Go through cycles 24/7
How is homeostasis maintained? - Answers Negative Feedback Loop
Set Point - Answers The average point, or level, of a certain bodily measurement; example: temperature
set point is 98.6 degrees
Turbulent Flow - Answers Flow in which the velocity at any point varies erratically; makes the sound at
systole AND diastole because blood flow is obstructed
Positive Feedback Loop - Answers A stimulus which elicits a response that heightens the original
stimulus
Effectors - Answers Produce response determined by sensors
Systole/Systolic - Answers Contraction of the heart
Diastole/Diastolic - Answers Relaxation of the heart
Intracellular Fluid - Answers Cytosol/cytoplasm
Extracellular Fluid - Answers Extracellular Fluid Composed of blood plasma (20%) and interstitial fluid
(80%)
Korotkoff Sounds - Answers Sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood
pressure using a non-invasive procedure
Plasma - Answers The colorless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk, in which corpuscles or fat globules are
suspended
Why do we need to maintain homeostasis? - Answers bodies very dynamic; things are always changing-
trying to achieve a stable environment for all cells in our body; as constant an internal environment as
we can possibly produce
• Cell have taken on specialized activities- make up organs and organ systems
• Different variables- oxygen content in blood, glucose content in blood; etc. - need to maintain
variables to maintain homeostasis
Cell Membrane - Answers Hydrophobic barrier to hydrophilic molecules
-it will be selective in what hydrophobic molecules it allows to pass through
What does biochemistry in a cell? - Answers Cytosol/cytoplasm
Simple/Passive Diffusion Molecules - Answers normally move from areas of high to low concentration;
does not require input of chemical energy
,Hydrophilic - Answers Molecules that are hydrophilic can have 1 of 2 bonds
1) covalent bonding- sharing of electrons (polar covalent molecule- sharing electrons unequally- like
water molecules)
2) Ionic bond- electronegativities are very different; ex: NaCl; one has an extra electron and the other
only needs 1 electron-- Na has net + charge and Chlorine has net - charge
-water loving
Properties of Ions when put into water - Answers will dissociate or separate and become
Hydrophobic - Answers water hating
-prototype- triglyceride- formed by taking glycerol (hydrophilic) backbone and attach 3 fatty acids-
hydrophobic- no charged areas
Phospholipids - Answers looks like triglyceride
have glycerol backbone (3 carbons on it); 2 fatty acids and instead of a 3rd fatty acid- has a polar head
group on it- has a phosphate
-Now molecule has hydrophobic (fatty acids) and hydrophilic (polar head) region- both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic- amphipathic
Critical Mycelar Concentration (CMC) - Answers Amount of phospholipids need to form mycel- need
enough to actually form bilayer in water- rudiment of artificial cell (mycel)
Polar - Answers When the sharing of electrons is unequal- ex: water molecule; usually hydrophilic- like
phosphate head group on phospohlipids
Non polar - Answers When sharing of electrons is equal- usually hydrophobic- ex: triglycerides; fatty
acids
Phospholipid Bilayer - Answers Not bound together; just trying to protect lipid tails
Transmembrane Proteins - Answers integrated into cell layer; able to generate passageways for
hydrophilic molecules; and can control whether molecules go in and out or not
Cholesterol - Answers Primarily hydrophobic
Has OH group on it- gives it enough amphipathic character- can exist by hydrophilic head groups while
bulk of molecule by hydrophobic tails- can be a blockage to theoretical passageways
Carbohydrates on cell membrane - Answers All on outside cell- don't find attached to inside cell
, -serve as recognition and communication
Fluid Mosaic Model - Answers Realized when you look on the surface- you have all these lipids that
could move all around- it looks like a piece of art work due to proteins?
proteins and carbs can tether lipids together so it does decrease some mobility- but can move around
What are the 3 mechanisms of getting molecules in and out of cell - Answers 1) Simple and passive
diffusion
2) Facilitated diffusion
3) Active Transport
(1 and 2- diffusion is the major process that is driving the movement)
Net Diffusion - Answers The net movement of particles because of a concentration gradient
-Diffusion always occurs- it never stops; physiology looks for a diffusion that can observe or measure
• Movement of a molecule from a high concentrated area to lower concentrated area
Thermal Energy - Answers Form of energy that can be measured by a thermometer; everything has
thermal energy
-Every molecule because of thermal energy- would be moving around- solids, gases, liquids
-Include both the kinetic energy and potential energy of a system's constituent particles
Molecules that can diffuse through membrane by simple diffusion - Answers -N2, O2, CO2- hydrophobic
and gas form- can easily diffuse
-Small uncharged polar molecules like Ethanol and Urea and water are slightly permeable (if membrane
has a lot of cholesterol in it- water will not be able to permeate easily through membrane)- if small
enough can diffuse through membrane- most membranes water is freely permeable only a few with too
much cholesterol
Molecules that are impermeable to membrane by simple diffusion - Answers Large uncharged polar
molecules- glucose, fructose (because too big)
Ions- K+; Mg2+; Ca 2+; Cl-; HCO3-; HPO42- (because charged)
Charged Polar Molecules- amino acids, ATP, glucose 6-phosphate, proteins, nucleic acids (charged AND
polar)
What affects the rate of diffusion - Answers -Size(small cell- reduce surface area- less collisions);
-Molecular Weight- the larger molecular weight- less diffusion,
