PSYC 312 Exam 3 | Questions and Answers

PSYC 312 Exam 3 | Questions and Answers Maria describes herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read. Maria's description fits best with the idea of self conception Adolescents are most likely to exhibit false-self behavior with their Dates What does it mean to say that "we grow more like ourselves every day"? People are drawn to situations and settings that reward them for the traits they already have. As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more Differentiated Which of these is one of the "big five" personality dimensions that many researchers use? Agreeableness Gwen has recently been preoccupied with trying to understand what kind of person she is. As an exercise, she writes out a list of 20 traits that she thinks best describe her. According to researchers, Gwen is focusing on her self-conception Researchers would most likely say that the statement "Adolescence is a time of storm and stress" is probably inaccurate Which adolescent's global self-esteem is most likely to be affected by his or her academic success? Mary, an Asian American adolescent According to researchers, which of the following might make a young adolescent especially vulnerable to the effects of stress? constantly changing self-image Alice has high academic self-esteem, whereas Loriann has high physical appearance self-esteem. According to researchers, who will probably have higher overall self-esteem? Loriann Which of the following statements about self-esteem in children is true? High achievement in school boosts self-esteem. Most researchers today believe that adolescents evaluate themselves both globally and along several distinct dimensions. Generalizing from research on identity states, which of these individuals is most likely to show authoritarian traits and have the highest need for social approval? Tara, identity foreclosed Researchers believe that some adolescents forge a sense of self-definition in a difficult environment by selecting a negative identity. Sixteen-year-old Geneva believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue, but she has accepted this view as her own. This pattern of following what her parents and peers say and do is pervasive throughout most of her beliefs and behaviors. Which identity state do you think Geneva is in? foreclosure A sense of identity is typically crystallized in late adolescence to the early 20s. Which adolescent would be expected to have the greatest difficulty establishing a sense of identity? Michael, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas Chloe, who is seventeen years old, says, "My mom keeps bugging me to apply to colleges, but I really don't want to think about it. I probably won't apply to any until the last minute." Which of these terms best describes Chloe? diffuse/avoidant According to Erikson, a necessary "time-out" for adolescents is called a psychosocial moratorium. With regard to adolescent identity development, psychologists are much better at ________ than at ________. describing the various stages that adolescents move through; explaining why or how individuals' sense of identity changes when it does One's sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender is called gender identity The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways temporarily increases during middle adolescence, especially for girls, is called the ________ hypothesis. gender intensification Researchers say that one of the pathways by which adolescents who feel discriminated against experience negative mental health outcomes is that adolescents who feel discriminated against in school may feel less control over their academic achievement, which may lead to feelings of depression. In one study, girls believed that other girls who had highly sexualized Facebook photos were ________ than other girls whose Facebook photos were not as highly sexualized. less competent Why is it considered a paradox that young people who have recently immigrated to the United States tend to do better academically than young people of the same ethnic group whose parents were born in the United States? Immigration is usually stressful socially, academically, and psychologically. Sophia and Emma believe that being attractive to boys and men is an important part of a teenage girl's identity. Which of these terms would a researcher most likely use to describe Sophia and Emma? Sexualized Researchers have found that Black individuals who believe that the public has low regard for their ethnic group typically are more sensitive to racial cues. Compared to minority adolescents with families that have been in the United States for a long time, foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents tend to perform better in school, and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior. Which of the following types of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's close relationships? emotional autonomy Many young people find it frustrating that they feel emotionally independent but must abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supported economically. The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called autonomy. Issues of autonomy recur throughout the life span. Which of the following examples reflects the development of emotional autonomy in an adolescent-parent relationship? When Ogechi is upset about an argument with her best friend, she asks other friends for their opinions instead of rushing to her mother for advice. Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents? Adolescents are able to see their parents as people. When Ramesh gets frustrated or upset, he turns to his peers rather than his parents for support. As a matter of fact, Ramesh relies on his peers more than his parents for most things. Ramesh is probably from an indulgent home. Tau's parents comment that his first year in college has been very good for him because he has become more responsible for his actions and choices and less dependent on them. Tau's parents are describing individuation. Which of the following statements about emotional autonomy is true? Emotional autonomy involves a transformation in family relationships, rather than detachment. Which of the following events have researchers suggested is one of the most important triggers of the individuation process? Puberty With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices, and not just the immediate ones. These improvements seem to be due to which of the following? the decline in the extent to which decisions are influenced by their potential immediate rewards During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure Decreases According to research on adolescent "reward sensitivity," who would be most likely to settle for $750 tomorrow rather than receive $1,000 a year from now? 10- to 11-year-olds For which of the following questions is an adolescent most likely to turn to outside experts for advice? What steps do I need to take to get admitted to college? Peers usually have more influence than parents over adolescents' decisions regarding social matters The family of which of the following adolescent girls is most likely to have earlier expectations for their child's autonomy? Olivia, a White adolescent Adolescents who have less positive relationships with their parents than typical adolescents are more likely than others in their age groups to do which of the following? affiliate with antisocial peers Malkhaz believes that there is nothing wrong with drinking a little beer because, "Everyone my age does it once in a while and I'll be a social outcast if I don't have a drink." Malkhaz's level of moral development would be described as conventional stage Which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is true? Situational factors influence moral choices. Individuals are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they see the behavior as a personal choice rather than an ethical dilemma. Individuals who reason at lower levels of moral thought are thought to be more accepting of others' misbehavior. According to a recent analysis of data from a sample of nationally representative high school seniors, which of the following statements regarding adolescents' civic engagement and political participation is true? Between 1976 and 1990, there was a decrease in the proportion of young people participating in conventional civic activities (e.g., voting, contacting elected officials). Which of the following statements concerning volunteerism is true? Engaging in community service leads to increased commitment to tolerance, equal opportunity, and cultural diversity. Which of the following adolescents is most likely to be more rigid and authoritarian in his or her political thinking? Ginny, a 12-year-old girl from the United States There are two components of religious development: (1) ________, which refers to the religious practices one engages in; and (2) ________, which refers to one's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life. religiosity; spirituality According to research from Clardy and King, which adolescent is most likely to say that God is important to him or her? an adolescent from Mexico