NUR 376 Exam 3 | COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2025
LATEST UPDATED | ALREADY GRADED A+
the bones of the skull form a rigid cranial compartment that contains: - (answers)brain tissue
(80%)
CSF (10%)
blood volume (10%)
the pressure of _____ must remain _____ to maintain a normal _____ - (answers)brain tissues,
CSF, and blood volume;
balanced;
intracranial pressure (ICP)
intracranial pressure (ICP) - (answers)the pressure inside the skull, brain tissue, and CSF
normal ICP for a resting, supine adult - (answers)5-15 mmHg
what causes change in ICP? - (answers)volume changes in:
brain tissue
cerebral blood flow
CSF
what is the monroe-kellie hypothesis? - (answers)an increase in the volume of one component
must be compensated by a decrease in the volume of another
,EX: A slow-growing brain tumor increases the volume of brain tissue. What happens? -
(answers)The CSF production is slowed to compensate and maintain normal ICP.
What happens once the volume of the brain tumor exceeds the volume of the CSF reduction? -
(answers)ICP increases
when the compensating mechanisms are totally exhausted.... - (answers)ICP will increase
ICP is maintained until _____ - (answers)a maximum point is reached
what is a major cause of increased ICP? - (answers)cerebral edema
what are major causes of cerebral edema? - (answers)trauma
hemorrhage
tumor inflammation
ischemia
types of cerebral edema - (answers)vasogenic
cytotoxic
what causes vasogenic cerebral edema? - (answers)trauma that causes a shearing stress on the
brain
what happens to the brain with vasogenic cerebral edema? - (answers)the pore's of the brain's
capillaries open wide and allow proteins/fluids to leak from blood to tissues
what causes cytotoxic cerebral edema? - (answers)cerebral ischemia or hypoxia
,if cytotoxic cerebral edema is not reversed, what happens? - (answers)brain cell death
ischemia in the brain causes... - (answers)ion pumps to fail which leads to cellular swelling
cellular swelling causes _____ which causes _____ - (answers)an increase in the volume of brain
tissue; increased ICP
low oxygen levels (hypoxia) or high carbon dioxide levels in the brain cause... -
(answers)reflexive cerebral vasodilation
reflexive cerebral vasodilation causes _____ which causes _____ - (answers)an increase in the
volume of the brain's blood; increased ICP
decreasing the volume of brain tissue, CSF, or circulation will cause... - (answers)decreased ICP
what leads to decreased ICP? - (answers)external drainage of CSF via catheter
low blood volume from lowering BP
hypertonic solution infusion (mannitol)
low CO2
removing brain tissue
decompressive craniectomy
how does infusion of a hypertonic solution affect the brain pressure? - (answers)rapidly
decreases intracellular pressure
lowers cerebral edema
, how does low CO2 affect brain pressure? - (answers)causes vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries
which reduces the volume of blood delivered to the brain
how does a lobectomy affect ICP? - (answers)removing brain tissue decreases volume which
decreases ICP
how does a decompressive craniectomy decrease ICP? - (answers)a section of the skull removed
creates an opening in the closed space of the skull and allows for expansion of the brain without
compressing brain tissue
types of strokes - (answers)ischemic
hemorrhagic
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
a stroke is a ______ whereby a disruption in cerebral circulation triggers ______ that are _____ -
(answers)clinical syndrome;
abrupt neurological deficits;
permanent
ischemic stroke - (answers)caused by a thrombus or embolus that lodges in a cerebral artery and
blocks blood flow to brain tissue
ischemia of brain tissue leads to.... - (answers)cerebral infarction
(death of brain cells)
mechanisms commonly seen in ischemia stroke - (answers)cerebral ateriosclerosis
LATEST UPDATED | ALREADY GRADED A+
the bones of the skull form a rigid cranial compartment that contains: - (answers)brain tissue
(80%)
CSF (10%)
blood volume (10%)
the pressure of _____ must remain _____ to maintain a normal _____ - (answers)brain tissues,
CSF, and blood volume;
balanced;
intracranial pressure (ICP)
intracranial pressure (ICP) - (answers)the pressure inside the skull, brain tissue, and CSF
normal ICP for a resting, supine adult - (answers)5-15 mmHg
what causes change in ICP? - (answers)volume changes in:
brain tissue
cerebral blood flow
CSF
what is the monroe-kellie hypothesis? - (answers)an increase in the volume of one component
must be compensated by a decrease in the volume of another
,EX: A slow-growing brain tumor increases the volume of brain tissue. What happens? -
(answers)The CSF production is slowed to compensate and maintain normal ICP.
What happens once the volume of the brain tumor exceeds the volume of the CSF reduction? -
(answers)ICP increases
when the compensating mechanisms are totally exhausted.... - (answers)ICP will increase
ICP is maintained until _____ - (answers)a maximum point is reached
what is a major cause of increased ICP? - (answers)cerebral edema
what are major causes of cerebral edema? - (answers)trauma
hemorrhage
tumor inflammation
ischemia
types of cerebral edema - (answers)vasogenic
cytotoxic
what causes vasogenic cerebral edema? - (answers)trauma that causes a shearing stress on the
brain
what happens to the brain with vasogenic cerebral edema? - (answers)the pore's of the brain's
capillaries open wide and allow proteins/fluids to leak from blood to tissues
what causes cytotoxic cerebral edema? - (answers)cerebral ischemia or hypoxia
,if cytotoxic cerebral edema is not reversed, what happens? - (answers)brain cell death
ischemia in the brain causes... - (answers)ion pumps to fail which leads to cellular swelling
cellular swelling causes _____ which causes _____ - (answers)an increase in the volume of brain
tissue; increased ICP
low oxygen levels (hypoxia) or high carbon dioxide levels in the brain cause... -
(answers)reflexive cerebral vasodilation
reflexive cerebral vasodilation causes _____ which causes _____ - (answers)an increase in the
volume of the brain's blood; increased ICP
decreasing the volume of brain tissue, CSF, or circulation will cause... - (answers)decreased ICP
what leads to decreased ICP? - (answers)external drainage of CSF via catheter
low blood volume from lowering BP
hypertonic solution infusion (mannitol)
low CO2
removing brain tissue
decompressive craniectomy
how does infusion of a hypertonic solution affect the brain pressure? - (answers)rapidly
decreases intracellular pressure
lowers cerebral edema
, how does low CO2 affect brain pressure? - (answers)causes vasoconstriction of cerebral arteries
which reduces the volume of blood delivered to the brain
how does a lobectomy affect ICP? - (answers)removing brain tissue decreases volume which
decreases ICP
how does a decompressive craniectomy decrease ICP? - (answers)a section of the skull removed
creates an opening in the closed space of the skull and allows for expansion of the brain without
compressing brain tissue
types of strokes - (answers)ischemic
hemorrhagic
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
a stroke is a ______ whereby a disruption in cerebral circulation triggers ______ that are _____ -
(answers)clinical syndrome;
abrupt neurological deficits;
permanent
ischemic stroke - (answers)caused by a thrombus or embolus that lodges in a cerebral artery and
blocks blood flow to brain tissue
ischemia of brain tissue leads to.... - (answers)cerebral infarction
(death of brain cells)
mechanisms commonly seen in ischemia stroke - (answers)cerebral ateriosclerosis
