NR565 PHARMACOLOGY 2025 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || A+ GRADE ASSURED < LATEST VERSION >

NR565 PHARMACOLOGY 2025 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS || A+ GRADE ASSURED &lt; LATEST VERSION &gt; 1. Signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism - ANSWER Face is pale, puffy, and expressionless. Skin is cold and dry. Hair is brittle, and hair loss occurs. Heart rate and temperature are lowered. The patient lethargy, fatigue, and intolerance to cold. Mentation may be impaired. 2. Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism - ANSWER Heart Rate is Rapid; Possible arrhythmia/angina Nervousness, insomnia, rapid thought flow, and rapid speech Skeletal muscles may weaken and atrophy Metabolic rate is raised, resulting in increased heat production, increased body temperature, intolerance to heat, and skin that is warm and moist Weight loss occurs if caloric intake fails to match the increase in metabolic rate 3. Drugs More Likely To Cause Hypoglycemia - ANSWER insulin Sulfonylureas = (Glyburide) Meglitinides = (Glinides==&gt;Repaglinide) Amylin analogues 4. Drugs Less Likely To Cause Hypoglycemia - ANSWER incretin mimetics = (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists Metformin Thiazolidnediones = (Glitazone) DDP-4 inhibitors = (Gliptins) 5. The first-line treatment for all patients with diabetes - ANSWER Metformin and lifestyle changes 6. Know what type of insulin and how much is needed according to carbohydrate intake. - ANSWER The mealtime carbohydrate-to-insulin dose is calculated using the 450 rule for regular insulin and the 500 rule for rapid-acting insulin; thus insulin dose (regular or rapid acting) is divided by the TDD insulin; The carbohydrate-to-insulin ratio is 1:(regular or rapid acting insulin/TDD) 7. Insulin Mixing Guidelines - ANSWER NPH insulin is appropriate for mixing with short-acting insulins 8. Insulin - ANSWER -rapid-acting insulin only covers one meal at a time -regular insulin provides coverage from meal to meal or the time between meals -NPH insulin lasts all day or from breakfast to dinner -Lantus is a once-daily dosing option 9. Short Duration: Rapid Acting Insulin - ANSWER Insulin lispro (Humalog) Insulin aspart (Novolog) Insulin glulisine (Apidra) 10. Short Duration: Short Acting Insulin - ANSWER Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R) 11. Intermediate Duration Insulin - ANSWER NPH insulin (Humulin N, Novolin N) 12. Long Duration Insulin - ANSWER Insulin glargine (U-100) (Lantus); Insulin Detemir (Levemir) 13. Ultralong Duration - ANSWER Insulin glargine (U-300) (Toujeo); Insulin degludec (Tresiba) 14. Drugs for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - ANSWER � � antiinflammatory agents and bronchodilators. 15. Principal anti-inflammatory drugs for asthma/COPD - ANSWER glucocorticoids 16. Principal bronchodilators for asthma/COPD - ANSWER β2 agonists 17. 1st Step Therapy for Asthma Treatment - ANSWER SABA PRN 18. 2nd Step Therapy For Asthma Treatment - ANSWER SABA PRN + Low dose IGC 19. 3rd Step Therapy For Asthma Treatment - ANSWER Ages 0-4: SABA PRN + Medium-dose IGC Ages 5-Adult: SABA PRN + Low-dose IGC + LABA or LTRA or theophylline OR Medium-dose IGC 20. 4th Step Therapy For Asthma Treatment - ANSWER Ages 0-11: SABA PRN + Medium-dose IGC plus LABA or montelukast Ages 12-Adult: Medium-dose IGC + LABA 21. 5th Step Therapy For Asthma Treatment - ANSWER Ages 0-4: SABA PRN + High-dose IGC + LABA or Montelukast Ages 5-11: SABA PRN + High-dose IGC + LABA Ages 12-Adult: SABA PRN + High-dose IGC + LABA AND consider omalizumab for patients with allergies 22. 6th Step Therapy For Asthma Treatment - ANSWER Ages 0-4: SABA PRN + High-dose IGC + LABA/montelukast + Oral glucocorticoids Ages 5-11: SABA PRN + High-dose IGC + LABA + Oral glucocorticoids Ages 12-Adult: High-dose IGC + LABA + Oral glucocorticoids and Consider omalizumab for patients with allergies 23. Asthma Severity Classification Domains - ANSWER Impairment and Risk. 24. Impairment - ANSWER effect of asthma on quality of life and functional capacity in the present 25. Risk - ANSWER possible adverse events in the future, such as exacerbations and progressive loss of lung function. 26. Intermittent Asthma (Initial Treatment) - ANSWER Symptoms 2d/week or less; SABA use 2d/week or less; No effect on activity--&gt;Step 1 Treatment 27. Mild Persistent Asthma (Initial Treatment) - ANSWER Symptoms more than 2 d/wk but less than daily; SABA use more than 2 d/wk but less than daily; Minimal Activity Limitation--&gt;Step 2 Treatment 28. Moderate Persistent Asthma (Initial Treatment) - ANSWER Symptoms daily. Some limited activity; Weekly nighttime awakenings. 29. Severe Persistent Asthma (Initial Treatment) - ANSWER Symptoms several times daily; Severe activity limitation Ages 0-4: Step 3 Treatment Ages 5-11: Step 4 Treatment