BIOL133 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT
Biochemistry (Cells)
Tearing apart a cell to retrieve and purify its components
Cell Fractionation
Technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are
separated (Centrifuged at increasing speeds)
Ultracentrifuge Speed
Up to 100,000 rpm
Prokaryotes
- Surrounded by plasma membrane
- Contain DNA (Single/circular chromosome)
- Nucleoid region
- Contain ribosomes to generate proteins
- No other organelles
- Haploid (One copy of DNA)
- Divide by binary fission
- Vary in size (0.1 µm to 10 µm)
Eukaryotes
- Surrounded by plasma membrane
- Contain DNA (More than 1 linear chromosome)
- Nucleus
- Contain ribosomes to generate proteins
,- Have many other organelles
- Diploid/Haploid (One/Two copies of DNA)
- Divide by mitosis/meiosis
- Vary in size (10 µm to 100 µm)
Prokaryotic Structure
- Plasma membrane
- Single chromosome
- Nucleoid Region
- Capsule (Outer protective layer in some bacteria)
- Cell wall (Protective barrier)
- Flagella (Propel cell through H2O)
- Fimbriae (Help bacteria attach to host)
- Ribosomes (Generate proteins)
Organismal Size
Prokaryotes: Max out around 10 µm
Eukaryotes: Max out around 100 µm
Metabolic Requirements (Cells)
1. Cell's volume (Area inside cell)
2. Cell's surface area (Outside covering of cell --> Plasma membrane)
Metabolism requires a very large...
Surface Area!
As cell size increases...
Volume increases faster than surface area!
Larger organisms do not (generally) have larger cells, they have...
More cells!
, Microvilli
Increase surface area with little increase to the volume of a cell
Eukaryotic Structure
- Endomembrane System
- Plasma Membrane
- Nucleus
- Nuclear Pore
- Nucleolus
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER/SER)
- Golgi Complex
- Endosomes
- Lysosomes
- Vacuoles
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts
- Peroxisomes
- Cytoskeleton --> (MTs, Actin, IFs)
- Cell-Surrounding Material --> (Cell Wall/Extracellular Matrix)
Nucleus (Eukaryotes)
Membrane-bound organelle (Double membrane), Consists of linear chromosomes inside made
of Chromatin (DNA and proteins)
Histone Proteins
Condense DNA (DNA wraps around proteins)
Is there more or less DNA condensation from mitosis and meiosis?
More condensation!
ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT
Biochemistry (Cells)
Tearing apart a cell to retrieve and purify its components
Cell Fractionation
Technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are
separated (Centrifuged at increasing speeds)
Ultracentrifuge Speed
Up to 100,000 rpm
Prokaryotes
- Surrounded by plasma membrane
- Contain DNA (Single/circular chromosome)
- Nucleoid region
- Contain ribosomes to generate proteins
- No other organelles
- Haploid (One copy of DNA)
- Divide by binary fission
- Vary in size (0.1 µm to 10 µm)
Eukaryotes
- Surrounded by plasma membrane
- Contain DNA (More than 1 linear chromosome)
- Nucleus
- Contain ribosomes to generate proteins
,- Have many other organelles
- Diploid/Haploid (One/Two copies of DNA)
- Divide by mitosis/meiosis
- Vary in size (10 µm to 100 µm)
Prokaryotic Structure
- Plasma membrane
- Single chromosome
- Nucleoid Region
- Capsule (Outer protective layer in some bacteria)
- Cell wall (Protective barrier)
- Flagella (Propel cell through H2O)
- Fimbriae (Help bacteria attach to host)
- Ribosomes (Generate proteins)
Organismal Size
Prokaryotes: Max out around 10 µm
Eukaryotes: Max out around 100 µm
Metabolic Requirements (Cells)
1. Cell's volume (Area inside cell)
2. Cell's surface area (Outside covering of cell --> Plasma membrane)
Metabolism requires a very large...
Surface Area!
As cell size increases...
Volume increases faster than surface area!
Larger organisms do not (generally) have larger cells, they have...
More cells!
, Microvilli
Increase surface area with little increase to the volume of a cell
Eukaryotic Structure
- Endomembrane System
- Plasma Membrane
- Nucleus
- Nuclear Pore
- Nucleolus
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER/SER)
- Golgi Complex
- Endosomes
- Lysosomes
- Vacuoles
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplasts
- Peroxisomes
- Cytoskeleton --> (MTs, Actin, IFs)
- Cell-Surrounding Material --> (Cell Wall/Extracellular Matrix)
Nucleus (Eukaryotes)
Membrane-bound organelle (Double membrane), Consists of linear chromosomes inside made
of Chromatin (DNA and proteins)
Histone Proteins
Condense DNA (DNA wraps around proteins)
Is there more or less DNA condensation from mitosis and meiosis?
More condensation!
