General Systems Theory- Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1936) - ANSWER A common
framework for studying several similar disciplines would allow scientists and
scholars to organize and communicate findings, making it easier to build on the
work of others.
Components of Systems - ANSWER -Input: material that enters a system
-Throughput: processes a system uses to convert material
-Output: end result or product of the system
-Evaluation: measures the success or failure of the output
-Feedback: information given back into the system to determine whether the
purpose or end result of the system has been achieved
Hospital as a System - ANSWER The success of the hospital depends on the
functioning of many subsystems
First: The whole is different from and greater than the sum of its parts (its
subsystems).
Second: Synergy occurs when all the various subsystems work together to create a
result that is not independently achievable.
Supra-system - ANSWER The larger environment outside the system
An OPEN system - ANSWER promotes the exchange of matter, energy, and
information with other systems and the environment.
A CLOSED system - ANSWER does not interact with other systems or with the
surrounding environment
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANSWER 1) Physiologic needs - food, oxygen,
rest, activity, shelter, and sexual expression
2) Physical and psychological safety and security - reasonably predictable
environment with which one has some familiarity and relative freedom from fear
and chaos
,3) Love and belonging - close intimate relations, social relations, a place in the
social structure
4) Self-esteem - need to feel self-worth, self-respect, and self-reliance
5) Self actualization - realized maximum potential
Various environmental systems: - ANSWER family, cultural, social, poverty,
community/gloabl
WHO's definition of health: - ANSWER a state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Healthy People 2020 - ANSWER addresses a small set of health issues that are
significant threats to the health and the public.
26 leading health indicators. These indicators are organized into 12 topic areas on
quality of life, healthy behaviors, and healthy human development across the life
span.
Health Beliefs Model
Rosenstock (1966, 1990) - ANSWER = "why some people change their health
behaviors while others do not."
Three components:
1. An evaluation of one's vulnerability to a condition and the seriousness of that
condition
2. An evaluation of how effective the health maintenance behavior might be
3. The presence of a trigger event that precipitates the health maintenance
behavior
Self-Efficacy Concept
Bandura (1997) - ANSWER Self-efficacy is the belief in oneself as having the
ability to modify behavior
Four components for effective lifestyle change:
1) Information
2) Skill development
, 3) Skill enhancement through guided practice and feedback
4) Creating social supports for change
Also described a type of socialization, modeling, which is useful when learning any
new behavior (1977).
Locus of control: - ANSWER People tend to be influenced by either internal or
external view of control.
-Health is internally controlled. Belief that health is controlled by what they
themselves do.
OR
-Health is externally controlled. Belief that health is determined by outside
factors.
Holistic nursing care: - ANSWER nourishes the whole person - the body,
mind, and spirit.
Eight factors contribute to holistic approach to nursing:
1) Nursing is an open system
2) Nursing is the provision of health care services
3) Nursing involves collaborating with patients and their families
4) Nursing is integrally involved with people
5) Nursing care is provided regardless of diagnosis, individual differences, age,
beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors.
6) Nurses require advanced knowledge and skills
7) Nursing requires concern, compassion, respect, and warmth, as well as
comprehensive, individualized planning of care, to facilitate patients' growth
toward wellness.
8) Nursing links theory and research
3 categories of beliefs: - ANSWER 1. Descriptive or existential beliefs are those
that can be shown to be true or false. An example of a descriptive belief is "The sun
will come up tomorrow morning."
framework for studying several similar disciplines would allow scientists and
scholars to organize and communicate findings, making it easier to build on the
work of others.
Components of Systems - ANSWER -Input: material that enters a system
-Throughput: processes a system uses to convert material
-Output: end result or product of the system
-Evaluation: measures the success or failure of the output
-Feedback: information given back into the system to determine whether the
purpose or end result of the system has been achieved
Hospital as a System - ANSWER The success of the hospital depends on the
functioning of many subsystems
First: The whole is different from and greater than the sum of its parts (its
subsystems).
Second: Synergy occurs when all the various subsystems work together to create a
result that is not independently achievable.
Supra-system - ANSWER The larger environment outside the system
An OPEN system - ANSWER promotes the exchange of matter, energy, and
information with other systems and the environment.
A CLOSED system - ANSWER does not interact with other systems or with the
surrounding environment
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANSWER 1) Physiologic needs - food, oxygen,
rest, activity, shelter, and sexual expression
2) Physical and psychological safety and security - reasonably predictable
environment with which one has some familiarity and relative freedom from fear
and chaos
,3) Love and belonging - close intimate relations, social relations, a place in the
social structure
4) Self-esteem - need to feel self-worth, self-respect, and self-reliance
5) Self actualization - realized maximum potential
Various environmental systems: - ANSWER family, cultural, social, poverty,
community/gloabl
WHO's definition of health: - ANSWER a state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Healthy People 2020 - ANSWER addresses a small set of health issues that are
significant threats to the health and the public.
26 leading health indicators. These indicators are organized into 12 topic areas on
quality of life, healthy behaviors, and healthy human development across the life
span.
Health Beliefs Model
Rosenstock (1966, 1990) - ANSWER = "why some people change their health
behaviors while others do not."
Three components:
1. An evaluation of one's vulnerability to a condition and the seriousness of that
condition
2. An evaluation of how effective the health maintenance behavior might be
3. The presence of a trigger event that precipitates the health maintenance
behavior
Self-Efficacy Concept
Bandura (1997) - ANSWER Self-efficacy is the belief in oneself as having the
ability to modify behavior
Four components for effective lifestyle change:
1) Information
2) Skill development
, 3) Skill enhancement through guided practice and feedback
4) Creating social supports for change
Also described a type of socialization, modeling, which is useful when learning any
new behavior (1977).
Locus of control: - ANSWER People tend to be influenced by either internal or
external view of control.
-Health is internally controlled. Belief that health is controlled by what they
themselves do.
OR
-Health is externally controlled. Belief that health is determined by outside
factors.
Holistic nursing care: - ANSWER nourishes the whole person - the body,
mind, and spirit.
Eight factors contribute to holistic approach to nursing:
1) Nursing is an open system
2) Nursing is the provision of health care services
3) Nursing involves collaborating with patients and their families
4) Nursing is integrally involved with people
5) Nursing care is provided regardless of diagnosis, individual differences, age,
beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors.
6) Nurses require advanced knowledge and skills
7) Nursing requires concern, compassion, respect, and warmth, as well as
comprehensive, individualized planning of care, to facilitate patients' growth
toward wellness.
8) Nursing links theory and research
3 categories of beliefs: - ANSWER 1. Descriptive or existential beliefs are those
that can be shown to be true or false. An example of a descriptive belief is "The sun
will come up tomorrow morning."
