Name :- Sibgat ul hassan
Roll No:- 16713
Assignment no:-2
Class Btech cse
Semester:- 4th
, A). Datagram
A datagram is a unit of transfer assoicated with networking. Data is transmitted from source to
destination without guarantee of delivery. Data is frequently divided into smaller pieces and transmitted
without a defined route or guaranteed order of delivery. A datagram is primarily used for wireless
communication and is self-contained with source and destination addresses written in the header. It is
similar to a packet, which is a small piece of data transmitted through a connectionless protocol; but a
datagram cannot handle prior or subsequent data communication. Data is transmitted from source to
destination without guarantee of delivery. Data is frequently divided into smaller pieces and transmitted
without a defined route or guaranteed order of delivery.
B) fragmentation
IP fragmentation is an Internet Protocol (IP) process that breaks datagrams into smaller pieces
(fragments), so that packets may be formed that can pass through a link with a smaller maximum
transmission unit (MTU) than the original datagram size. The fragments are reassembled by the
receiving host.
Transparent Fragmentation - the router doing the fragmentation breaks up oversized packets and
addresses them all to the same exit router. The exit router re-assembles the fragments and forwards
original packet. This is called transparent fragmentation because it is invisible to the other networks in
the path and to the hosts.
C) Framing
Framing in the data link layer separates a message from one source to a destination, or from other
messages to other destinations, by adding a sender address and a destination address. The destination
address defines where the packet is to go; the sender address helps the recipient acknowledge the
receipt.Although the whole message could be packed in one frame, that is not normally done. One
reason is that a frame can be very large, making flow and error control very inefficient. When a message
is carried in one very large frame, even a single-bit error would require the retransmission of the whole
message. When a message is divided into smaller frames, a single-bit error affects only that small frame
C) IPv4
IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4. It is the underlying technology that makes it possible for us
to connect our devices to the web. Whenever a device access the Internet (whether it's a PC, Mac,
smartphone or other device), it is assigned a unique, numerical IP address such as 99.48.227.227. To
send data from one computer to another through the web, a data packet must be transferred across the
network containing the IP addresses of both devices.
Without IP addresses, computers would not be able to communicate and send data to each other. It's
essential to the infrastructure of the web.
Roll No:- 16713
Assignment no:-2
Class Btech cse
Semester:- 4th
, A). Datagram
A datagram is a unit of transfer assoicated with networking. Data is transmitted from source to
destination without guarantee of delivery. Data is frequently divided into smaller pieces and transmitted
without a defined route or guaranteed order of delivery. A datagram is primarily used for wireless
communication and is self-contained with source and destination addresses written in the header. It is
similar to a packet, which is a small piece of data transmitted through a connectionless protocol; but a
datagram cannot handle prior or subsequent data communication. Data is transmitted from source to
destination without guarantee of delivery. Data is frequently divided into smaller pieces and transmitted
without a defined route or guaranteed order of delivery.
B) fragmentation
IP fragmentation is an Internet Protocol (IP) process that breaks datagrams into smaller pieces
(fragments), so that packets may be formed that can pass through a link with a smaller maximum
transmission unit (MTU) than the original datagram size. The fragments are reassembled by the
receiving host.
Transparent Fragmentation - the router doing the fragmentation breaks up oversized packets and
addresses them all to the same exit router. The exit router re-assembles the fragments and forwards
original packet. This is called transparent fragmentation because it is invisible to the other networks in
the path and to the hosts.
C) Framing
Framing in the data link layer separates a message from one source to a destination, or from other
messages to other destinations, by adding a sender address and a destination address. The destination
address defines where the packet is to go; the sender address helps the recipient acknowledge the
receipt.Although the whole message could be packed in one frame, that is not normally done. One
reason is that a frame can be very large, making flow and error control very inefficient. When a message
is carried in one very large frame, even a single-bit error would require the retransmission of the whole
message. When a message is divided into smaller frames, a single-bit error affects only that small frame
C) IPv4
IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4. It is the underlying technology that makes it possible for us
to connect our devices to the web. Whenever a device access the Internet (whether it's a PC, Mac,
smartphone or other device), it is assigned a unique, numerical IP address such as 99.48.227.227. To
send data from one computer to another through the web, a data packet must be transferred across the
network containing the IP addresses of both devices.
Without IP addresses, computers would not be able to communicate and send data to each other. It's
essential to the infrastructure of the web.
