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Samenvatting - communicatietheorie (822103-B-6)

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Samenvatting van alle hoorcolleges en theorieën voor het tentamen communicatietheorie.

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1
Communicatietheorie
Inhoudsopgave
Thema 1: Introductie communicatie ..................................................................................................................... 3
HC1: wat is communicatie? .............................................................................................................................. 3
Communication ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Is alles communicatie? ................................................................................................................................................................ 4
HC2: communicatiemodellen en communicatietheorie ..................................................................................... 5
Communicatiemodel van Lasswell.............................................................................................................................................. 5
Communicatie als actie .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
Communicatie als interactie .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Communicatie als transactie .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Wat is een theorie? ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Drie paradigma’s ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Thema 2: Interpersoonlijke communicatie ............................................................................................................ 9
HC3: SIT en CMM ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Symbolic interactionism (SIT) ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
Symbolic Interactionism: Mind .............................................................................................................................................. 9
Symbolic Interactionism: self ................................................................................................................................................. 9
Symbolic Interactionism: society ......................................................................................................................................... 10
SIT conclusie ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Coordinated management of meaning (CMM) ........................................................................................................................ 11
CMM Loops .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11
CMM conclusie ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
HC4: interpersoonlijke communicatie: sociale invloed ..................................................................................... 13
Cognitieve dissonantie theorie (CDT) ....................................................................................................................................... 13
CDT: conclusie ...................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Expectancy violations theory (EVT) .......................................................................................................................................... 14
EVT: conclusie....................................................................................................................................................................... 16
HC5: relationele communicatie I: relatieontwikkeling ..................................................................................... 17
Uncertainty reduction theory (URT) ......................................................................................................................................... 17
URT: Conclusie...................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Social penetration theory (SPT) ................................................................................................................................................ 19
SPT: conclusie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20
HC6: Relationele communicatie II: Relatieonderhoud...................................................................................... 21
Social exchange theory (SET) .................................................................................................................................................... 21
SET: conclusie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21
Relational dialects theory (RDT) ............................................................................................................................................... 21
RDT: conclusie ...................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Communication privacy management (CPM) ........................................................................................................................... 23
CPM: conclusie ..................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Thema 3: retoriek .............................................................................................................................................. 25
HC7: retoriek 1: retorica ................................................................................................................................. 25
Aristoteles ................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Dramatisme (Burke) .................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Narrative paradigm ................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Retoriek conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................ 27
HC8: retoriek 2: reclamewerking .................................................................................................................... 28
Reclame in een notendop ......................................................................................................................................................... 28
Reclame: beïnvloedingsproces ................................................................................................................................................. 28
Standard hierarchy of effects model ................................................................................................................................... 28
Reclameverwerkingsmodellen.................................................................................................................................................. 29
Reclame: FCB-grid ................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Reclame: Percy & Rossiter ................................................................................................................................................... 29

, 2
Reclame: reclameverwerkingsmodel van Franzen .............................................................................................................. 30
Reclame: overtuigingsstrategieën van Cialdini .................................................................................................................... 30
Reclamewerking conclusie ........................................................................................................................................................ 31
Thema 4: De media ............................................................................................................................................ 32
HC9: cultivatietheorie .................................................................................................................................... 32
Introductie ................................................................................................................................................................................ 32
Cultivatietheorie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Cultivatie: inleiding............................................................................................................................................................... 32
Cultivatie: televisie ............................................................................................................................................................... 33
Cultivatie: effecten van media ............................................................................................................................................. 33
Cultivatie: macht van de media ........................................................................................................................................... 33
Cultivatie: mainstreaming & resonance............................................................................................................................... 34
Cultivatie: mediageweld....................................................................................................................................................... 34
Cultivatie: Mean World Index .............................................................................................................................................. 34
Cultivatie: onderzoek ........................................................................................................................................................... 34
Cultivatie: toepassing ........................................................................................................................................................... 35
Cultivatie: kritiek .................................................................................................................................................................. 35
Cultivatie conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................... 35
HC10: zwijgspiraal & agendasetting ................................................................................................................ 36
Zwijgspiraal (spiral of silence theory: SST) ................................................................................................................................ 36
SST: conclusie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Agendasetting ........................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Agendasetting: priming & framing ....................................................................................................................................... 38
Agendasetting conclusie ...................................................................................................................................................... 39
HC11: het actieve publiek ............................................................................................................................... 40
Cultural studies ......................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Cultural studies: Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................... 41
Uses & Gratifications Theory (U&G) ......................................................................................................................................... 41
U&G: conclusie ..................................................................................................................................................................... 43
HC12: maatschappij en technologie ................................................................................................................ 44
Media ecologie (McLuhan & Postman)..................................................................................................................................... 44
Media ecologie: assumpties ................................................................................................................................................. 44
Media ecologie: conclusie .................................................................................................................................................... 45
Structuratietheorie ................................................................................................................................................................... 45
Structuration: Duality of structure ....................................................................................................................................... 45
Structuration: Agency & Reflexivity ..................................................................................................................................... 45
Structuration en technologie ............................................................................................................................................... 46
Structuration: conclusie ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
HC13: Culturele en groepscommunicatie & Afsluiting...................................................................................... 47
Communication accomodation theory (CAT) ........................................................................................................................... 47
CAT: Social Identity Theory .................................................................................................................................................. 47
CAT: Conclusie ...................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Tentamenvoorbereiding: ..................................................................................................................................................... 48

, 3
Thema 1: Introductie communicatie
HC1: wat is communicatie?
Communication = a social process in which
individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret
meaning in their environment
6 kernpunten:
1. Sociaal
2. Proces
3. Symbolen
4. Betekenis
5. Omgeving
6. Beïnvloeding

Sociaal
Communicatie heeft te maken met interacties tussen mensen
- Interactie tussen verschillende mensen vindt plaats. Robots zijn grijs gebied → geen echte mensen
- Kan gemedieerd zijn (telefoon, sociale media, TV)
- Televisie is ook sociaal, want de televisiemaker brengt een boodschap over aan andere mensen. Het is
eenzijdige communicatie → de TV kan niet terugpraten
- Dieren niet sociaal, want doel is niet beïnvloeding.

Van 1-op-1 tot massacommunicatie:
Zender
Weinig Veel
Ontvanger Weinig 1-op-1 Blog (bv. Twitter)
Veel TV Instagram

Bordewijk & Van Kaan (1968): zij voorspelde dat communicatie van allocutie naar conversatie zou verplaatsen
Controle over informatie
Centraal Individueel
Controle Centraal Allocutie (bv TV) Registratie (bv naar de bibliotheek gaan of
over tijd/ paspoort aanvragen)
plaats Individueel Consultatie (bv krant) Conversatie (sociale media, dingen
opzoeken op internet, 1-op-1 gesprekken)
Centraal = weinig controle individueel = veel controle

Conversatie = je kan zelf kiezen wat voor informatie je opneemt en ook waar je het opneemt

(continu) proces
Communicatie is een proces dat nooit stopt. Het is dynamisch, complex en veranderlijk; cumulatief, context- en
ervaringsafhankelijk
Het communicatieproces als een helix:
- Geen definieerbaar begin en einde
- Bepaalde verwachtingen
- Communicatie is dynamisch en complex → het bouwt op elkaar voort
- Communicatie wordt beïnvloed door ervaringen in het verleden
- Communicatie is cumulatief → het bouwt steeds op elkaar voort
- Communicatie is continu aan verandering onderhevig
- Communicatie is individueel, afhankelijk van cultuur en tijdsbeeld bepaald/ afhankelijk

Symbolen
Arbitrair, abstract of concreet, kunnen via alle kanalen verzonden worden: verbaal, non-verbaal (woorden, glimlach,
frons), visueel
- Een arbitrair (willekeurig) label gegeven aan een fenomeen

, 4
Arbitrair = niet gebaseerd op een bepaalde overtuiging of argumentatie, maar gebaseerd op pure willekeur
- Via verschillende kanalen: verbaal, non-verbaal, visueel, etc.
- Abstract versus concreet (maar onderscheid is niet altijd duidelijk)
o Plaatje van een stoel is duidelijk
o Logo van Apple is een appel, maar wel abstract. Het gaat niet om een appel, maar om het
softwarebedrijf Apple.
- Intonatie = de manier waarop je dingen zegt, speelt grote rol

Betekenis (semiotiek)
Wat een communicatieboodschap voor iemand betekent (er kan meer dan 1 betekenis
zijn); persoons-, context-, plaats-, ervaringsafhankelijk
Wat mensen uit een boodschap halen
Relatie symbolen en betekenis → Odgen & Richards (1923): elements of meaning
= Fysiek object/referent (foto docent) → symbool (naam docent) → concept (docent)

Omgeving
Situatie of context waarin communicatie plaatsvindt. Beïnvloedt alle bovenstaande elementen
- Symbolen zijn buiten een bepaalde groep vaak niet duidelijk
- Interpretatie afhankelijk van eerdere ervaringen, interesses, context, etc.

Beïnvloeding
Communicatie heeft een doel: iemand beïnvloeden of overtuigen van je boodschap

Is alles communicatie?
Intentionaliteitsdebat = is communicatie altijd intentioneel?
→ alleen intentionele gedragingen zijn communicatief
→ we have chosen to restrict our discussion of communication to intentional symbolic interactions
- Wat is communicatie en wat niet?
o Only intentional acts are communicative
o A person “cannot not communicate”
o It is possible to not communicate, but all interactive behavior is communication (also silence and
avoidance of eye-contact)

Andersen (1991) Communicatiematrix

Table of contents

  1. 01 Thema 1: Introductie communicatie 3
    1. HC1: wat is communicatie? 3
    2. HC2: communicatiemodellen en communicatietheorie 5
  2. 02 Thema 2: Interpersoonlijke communicatie 9
    1. HC3: SIT en CMM 9
    2. HC4: interpersoonlijke communicatie: sociale invloed 13
    3. HC5: relationele communicatie I: relatieontwikkeling 17
    4. HC6: Relationele communicatie II: Relatieonderhoud 21
  3. 03 Thema 3: retoriek 25
    1. HC7: retoriek 1: retorica 25
    2. HC8: retoriek 2: reclamewerking 28
  4. 04 Thema 4: De media 32
    1. HC9: cultivatietheorie 32
    2. HC10: zwijgspiraal & agendasetting 36
    3. HC11: het actieve publiek 40
    4. HC12: maatschappij en technologie 44
    5. HC13: Culturele en groepscommunicatie & Afsluiting 47

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