PSY 130 Final Exam 2025

Attachment - -an emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time Influences of Attachment - -Influence nature of interactions with others from infancy into adulthood Influence their feelings about the children's own worth Harry Harlow - -Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers Supported the view that healthy social & emotional development rooted in children's early social interactions with adults Harlow's Findings - -Found that monkeys prefer to spend more time with the cloth mother instead of the wire monkey Bowlby and Ainsworth's Attachment Theory - -Proposes that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachment to care givers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival Secure Base - -The idea that the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant with a sense of security that makes it possible for the child to explore the environment The Strange Situation - -a behavioral test developed by Mary Ainsworth that is used to determine a child's attachment style Child exposed to seven episodes (including two separations and two reunions with caregiver) Interactions when stranger when alone and when the caregiver is in room low anxiety, low avoidance - -secure low anxiety, high avoidance - -avoidant low avoidance, high anxiety - -resistant high anxiety, high avoidance - -disorganized secure attachment style - -Uses parent as a secure base Seeks parent at reunion and is easily soothed by the parent Parent's behaviors toward a Secure Child - -Is responsive and sensitive to the child's signals Is affectionate and expressive Initiates frequent close contact with the child avoidant attachment style - -Readily separates to explore Avoids or ignores the parent Does not prefer the parent to the stranger Parent's behaviors toward an Avoidant Child - -Is insensitive to the child's signals Avoids close contact and rejects child's bids for contact May be angry, irritable, or impatient Resistant attachment style - -Does not separate to explore Is wary of the stranger, even when the parent is present Is extremely upset at separation Not soothed by the parent in reunion Parent's behaviors toward a Resistant Child - -Is inconsistent or awkward in reacting to child's distress Seems overwhelmed with tasks of caregiving Disorganized attachment style - -Goes to parent reluctantly, perhaps looking away from parent May express fear when with parent May seem to "freeze" their behavior and expressions for short periods Parent's behaviors toward a Disorganized Child - -Is intrusive Is emotionally unstable May dissociate or be in a trance-like state Confuses or frightens child May be harsh or abusive (i.e mental illnesses, or drug abuse parents) parental sensitivity - -An important factor contributing to the security of an infant's attachment. Parental sensitivity varies (i.e being responsive when infant is distress) Intervention Studies - -Indicate causal relationship between parental sensitivity and security of attachment. (i.e parents trained to be more sensitive in their care giving). Long Term Effects of Attachment Styles - -Children securely attached as infants see to have closer, more harmonious relationships with peers than do insecurely attached children Secure attachment in infancy predicts positive peer and romantic relationships and emotional health in adolescence Secure attachment in infancy also earn higher grades Attachment in Context - -Attachment is associated with a variety of long-term effects on development but: Not the only important factor in development Not deterministic Dutch Study - -Half of the sample was randomly assigned to condition with sensitivity training, the other being the control group. 3 months later: more infants of mothers in the experimental group were securely attached than those in control Differences in attachment still apparent later in age Rouge Test - -A test for self-awareness. Puts a dot of rouge (red powder) on a child's face. Sees if the children clean the spot off mirror or their own face. The Self in Adolescence - -Adolescents start to think of themselves in terms of abstract characteristics that encompass a variety of concrete characteristics and behaviors. Adolescents can also conceive of themselves in terms of a variety of selves, depending on the context. personal fable - -a form of adolescent egocentrism that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of one's own feeling