ENDOCRINE SYSTEM EXAM REVIEW
Exocrine glands - Answers :-Secrete their products through ducts into body cavities or
onto body surfaces
-Sudoriferous, sebaceous, digestive
Endocrine glands - Answers :-Secrete their products (hormones) into the extracellular
spaces around the secretory cells
-Secretion then diffuses into capillaries and is carried away by blood
Endocrine system - Answers :Consists of endocrine glands and several organs that
contain endocrine tissue
Endocrinology - Answers :The science concerned with the structure and functions of the
endocrine glands and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system
NS and relationship with the ES - Answers :-Controls homeostasis through nerve
impulses (action potentials) conducted along axons of neurons, which are more rapid in
producing their effects than hormones
-Certain parts of the NS stimulates/inhibits the release of hormones
-Causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete
-Effects of the NS are more brief than those of the ES
ES and coordination of body functions - Answers :-Releases hormones (messenger
molecules) into the bloodstream
-Circulating blood delivers hormones to virtually all cells throughout the body
-Affects virtually all body tissue
Role of hormones - Answers :-Promote or inhibit the generation of nerve impulses
-Directly regulate the internal environment, metabolism, and energy balance
-Help regulate smooth/cardiac muscle contraction, glandular secretion, and certain
immune responses
-Play a role in the integration of growth and development, maintenance of homeostasis
despite emergency environmental disruptions and contribute to the basic processes of
reproduction
,Hormones - Answers :-Only affect specific target cells
-Receptors are constantly synthesized and broken down (when they are excessive, the
number of receptors decrease; when they are deficient, the number of receptors
increase)
Endocrines (circulating hormones) - Answers :Hormones that pass into the blood to act
on distant target cells
Local hormones - Answers :Hormones that act on target cells close to their site of
release
Hormone classification - Answers :1.) Steroids
2.) Biogenic amines
3.) Proteins and peptides
4.) Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, endorphins, enkephalins)
*Eicosanoids are NOT hormones, but are chemical messengers that have similar
functions*
Prostaglandins - Answers :-Produced by any cell as needed and act locally
-Hormones bind to and activate their specific receptors through direct gene activation
and second messenger systems
-After the hormone is released from the endocrine gland, it circulates in the blood,
reaches a target cell, and brings a specific message to that cell
Direct gene activation - Answers :-Lipid soluble steroid hormones and thyroid hormones
-Affect cell function by binding to and activating an INTRACELLULAR RECEPTOR
(usually in the nucleus), altering gene expression
Second messenger systems - Answers :-Non lipid soluble hormones and larger
hormones
-Alter cell function by activating PLASMA MEMBRANE RECEPTORS, which initiate a
cascade of events inside the cell
First messenger - Answers :Hormone that can deliver its message ONLY to the plasma
membrane
Second messenger - Answers :-Needed to relay the message inside the cell where
hormone stimulated responses take place
-Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
, cyclic AMP (cAMP) - Answers :Does not directly produce a particular physiological
response, but activates one or more enzymes known as PROTEIN KINASES, altering
gene expression
Responsiveness of target cell to a hormone depends on _______. - Answers :-
Hormone's concentration
-Number of receptors
-Binding ability of the hormone to the receptors
Control of hormone secretions - Answers :-Released in short bursts, with little or no
release between bursts
-Function in influencing the receptability of a tissue to hormones, as well as in the
inflammation response to aid healing
-Promote fever (aiding healing) and intensify pain (protective responses to disease and
injury)
-Aspirin/acetaminophen inhibit synthesis
Endorphins and enkephalins - Answers :-Chemical messengers produced by the CNS
and digestive tract
-Bind to the same receptors as morphine and function to REDUCE PAIN
Mechanisms of hormone action - Answers :-Responses to a hormone depends on the
hormone and the target cell in that various target cells respond differently to the same
hormone
-Regulation of hormone secretion normally maintains homeostasis and prevents
overproduction or underproduction of a particular hormone; when regulating
mechanisms do not operate properly, disorders occur
-Hormone secretion is controlled by signals from the NS, by chemical changes in the
blood and by other hormones
-NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS, when hormones reach a certain concentration,
production or release of that hormone is slowed!
Hypothalamus - Answers :Major integrating link between the NS and the ES
______ and _____ regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism,
and homeostasis. - Answers :Hypothalamus, pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Pituitary gland - Answers :-Located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
Exocrine glands - Answers :-Secrete their products through ducts into body cavities or
onto body surfaces
-Sudoriferous, sebaceous, digestive
Endocrine glands - Answers :-Secrete their products (hormones) into the extracellular
spaces around the secretory cells
-Secretion then diffuses into capillaries and is carried away by blood
Endocrine system - Answers :Consists of endocrine glands and several organs that
contain endocrine tissue
Endocrinology - Answers :The science concerned with the structure and functions of the
endocrine glands and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system
NS and relationship with the ES - Answers :-Controls homeostasis through nerve
impulses (action potentials) conducted along axons of neurons, which are more rapid in
producing their effects than hormones
-Certain parts of the NS stimulates/inhibits the release of hormones
-Causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete
-Effects of the NS are more brief than those of the ES
ES and coordination of body functions - Answers :-Releases hormones (messenger
molecules) into the bloodstream
-Circulating blood delivers hormones to virtually all cells throughout the body
-Affects virtually all body tissue
Role of hormones - Answers :-Promote or inhibit the generation of nerve impulses
-Directly regulate the internal environment, metabolism, and energy balance
-Help regulate smooth/cardiac muscle contraction, glandular secretion, and certain
immune responses
-Play a role in the integration of growth and development, maintenance of homeostasis
despite emergency environmental disruptions and contribute to the basic processes of
reproduction
,Hormones - Answers :-Only affect specific target cells
-Receptors are constantly synthesized and broken down (when they are excessive, the
number of receptors decrease; when they are deficient, the number of receptors
increase)
Endocrines (circulating hormones) - Answers :Hormones that pass into the blood to act
on distant target cells
Local hormones - Answers :Hormones that act on target cells close to their site of
release
Hormone classification - Answers :1.) Steroids
2.) Biogenic amines
3.) Proteins and peptides
4.) Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, endorphins, enkephalins)
*Eicosanoids are NOT hormones, but are chemical messengers that have similar
functions*
Prostaglandins - Answers :-Produced by any cell as needed and act locally
-Hormones bind to and activate their specific receptors through direct gene activation
and second messenger systems
-After the hormone is released from the endocrine gland, it circulates in the blood,
reaches a target cell, and brings a specific message to that cell
Direct gene activation - Answers :-Lipid soluble steroid hormones and thyroid hormones
-Affect cell function by binding to and activating an INTRACELLULAR RECEPTOR
(usually in the nucleus), altering gene expression
Second messenger systems - Answers :-Non lipid soluble hormones and larger
hormones
-Alter cell function by activating PLASMA MEMBRANE RECEPTORS, which initiate a
cascade of events inside the cell
First messenger - Answers :Hormone that can deliver its message ONLY to the plasma
membrane
Second messenger - Answers :-Needed to relay the message inside the cell where
hormone stimulated responses take place
-Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
, cyclic AMP (cAMP) - Answers :Does not directly produce a particular physiological
response, but activates one or more enzymes known as PROTEIN KINASES, altering
gene expression
Responsiveness of target cell to a hormone depends on _______. - Answers :-
Hormone's concentration
-Number of receptors
-Binding ability of the hormone to the receptors
Control of hormone secretions - Answers :-Released in short bursts, with little or no
release between bursts
-Function in influencing the receptability of a tissue to hormones, as well as in the
inflammation response to aid healing
-Promote fever (aiding healing) and intensify pain (protective responses to disease and
injury)
-Aspirin/acetaminophen inhibit synthesis
Endorphins and enkephalins - Answers :-Chemical messengers produced by the CNS
and digestive tract
-Bind to the same receptors as morphine and function to REDUCE PAIN
Mechanisms of hormone action - Answers :-Responses to a hormone depends on the
hormone and the target cell in that various target cells respond differently to the same
hormone
-Regulation of hormone secretion normally maintains homeostasis and prevents
overproduction or underproduction of a particular hormone; when regulating
mechanisms do not operate properly, disorders occur
-Hormone secretion is controlled by signals from the NS, by chemical changes in the
blood and by other hormones
-NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEMS, when hormones reach a certain concentration,
production or release of that hormone is slowed!
Hypothalamus - Answers :Major integrating link between the NS and the ES
______ and _____ regulate virtually all aspects of growth, development, metabolism,
and homeostasis. - Answers :Hypothalamus, pituitary gland (hypophysis)
Pituitary gland - Answers :-Located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
