APHY 101 midterm Exam 2025

anatomy - -study of structure physiology - -study of function levels of organization - -cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism characteristics of life - -movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion requirements of life - -water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure homeostasis - -process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment homeostatic mechanism - -process that maintains critical body functions within a narrow, fixed range matter - -anything that takes up space and has mass element - -pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom atom - -the basic unit of a chemical element. structure of an atom - -protons, neutrons, electrons nucleus - -control center of a cell proton - -positive charge neutron - -no charge electron - -negative charge covalent bond - -a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons ionic bond - -the attraction between oppositely charged ions hydrogen bond - -weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom synthesis reaction - -two or more substances combine to form another substance decomposition reaction - -a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances exchange reaction - -chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken reactant - -a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction. product - -A substance produced in a chemical reaction catalyst - -substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction acid - -any compound that forms H+ ions in solution base - -a compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution pH scale - -scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic organic molecule - -carbon-based molecule inorganic molecule - -non-carbon-based molecule dehydration synthesis - -the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released hydrolysis - -the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. carbohydrates - -the starches and sugars present in foods lipids - -fats and oils proteins - -amino acids nucleic acids - -DNA and RNA structure of a triglyceride - -glycerol + 3 fatty acids structure of a phospholipid - -hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail structure of a steroid molecule - -4 fused carbon rings function of a triglyceride - -energy storage function of a phospholipid - -cell membrane function of a steroid molecule - -growth, development, energy metabolism amino acid - -monomer of protein enzyme - -protein that acts as a biological catalyst dna - -deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. rna - -single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose cell membrane - -thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell nucleus - -control center of the cell cytoplasm - -the portion of the cell outside the nucleus cytosol - -the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm organelles - -little organs function of the cell membrane - -regulates what enters and leaves the cell structure of the cell membrane - -lipid bilayer of phospholipids and proteins function of ribosome - -protein synthesis function of smooth ER - -lipid synthesis function of rough ER - -protein synthesis function of golgi apparatus - -modifies, sorts, and packages protein function of mitochondria - -ATP production function of lysosome - -intracellular digestion function of peroxisome - -breaks down lipids/fatty acids and contains and breaks down hydrogen peroxide function of centrosome - -cell division function of cilia - -move liqu