CIBTAC CIDESCO PAST PAPERS EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Staphylococci - ✔✔Form in bunches or clusters, amongst the strongest of non-spore
forming bacteria.
Responsible for many skin disorders e.g. carbuncles, faruncles, food poisonng and
abcesses.
✔✔Diplococci - ✔✔Grow in pairs causes measles and influenza.
✔✔Classifications of bacteria - ✔✔Cocci
Bacilli
Spirilla
✔✔Bacilli - ✔✔Rod shaped, can occur singularly or in groups.
Can cause tetanus, typhoid fever.
✔✔Spirilla - ✔✔Corkscrew shaped and can cause syphilis.
✔✔Viruses - ✔✔Parasite consisting of DNA coil surrounded by a protein sheath.
They are so small they can pass through a porcelain filter.
All are pathogenic and do not respond to antibiotics
✔✔How do Viruses Reproduce - ✔✔Virus attaches itself to host cell.
Virus injects DNA into cell.
The cells metabolism reproduces according to DNA.
The virus then destroys host cell by releasing 100-200 new viruses.
✔✔How Bacteria enters the Body - ✔✔Mouth: air, drinking, eating.
Nose: air, water.
Eyes: dirt.
Ears: dirt, water.
Breaks or cuts in skin.
Infected blood passing into bloodstream.
Exchange of bodily fluids.
✔✔Bodys Defence - ✔✔Tears from eyes.
White blood cells.
Saliva from mouth.
Acid from stomach.
Antitoxins.
,Bleeding.
Mucous hairs in nose.
Rising of body temperature.
✔✔How Bacteria is Transmitted - ✔✔Unclean hands.
Unclean instruments.
Sores and pus.
Mouth and nose discharge.
Shared use of items.
✔✔Endogenous infection - ✔✔Reactivation of organisms present in a dormant state
e.g. tuberculosis.
✔✔Exogenous infection - ✔✔Caused by organisms not normally present in the body but
have gained entry by the environment.
✔✔Fungi - ✔✔Plant like organisms moulds (multicellular) and yeasts (unicellular) that
produce spores
secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from their host which damages tissues
of the body.
✔✔Parasites - ✔✔Organism that lives in or on a host to absorb nutrients.
They damage body cells and leave toxic waste e.g. lice, scabies.
✔✔Hepatitis - ✔✔Inflammation of the liver.
✔✔Hepatitis A - ✔✔Comes from faeces to oral transmission, does not cause chronic
infection and have vaccination.
Most recover completely
symptoms include vomiting and nausea.
✔✔Hepatitis B - ✔✔From blood and bodily fluids, can cause chronic infection but can
be vaccinated.
✔✔Hepatitis C - ✔✔From blood and bodily fluids, can cause chronic infection and life
long management.
✔✔Hepatitis D - ✔✔Blood and bodily fluids, can cause chronic infection and life long
management.
✔✔AIDS - ✔✔Last stage of hepatitis infection can can cause death.
✔✔Personal hygiene - ✔✔Shower daily.
,Use good deoderant.
Use mild perfume.
Have clean hair tied back.
Have short, clean, manicured nails.
Light, fresh makeup.
No jewellery.
Clean uniform.
Cover cuts.
✔✔Salon Hygiene - ✔✔Use disposables.
Keep surfaces clean.
Clean equipment.
Disinfect telephone.
Sweep/vacuum/mop daily.
Use clean towel and wrap for each client.
Cover rubbish bins.
Decant products.
✔✔Chemical Composition of the Nail - ✔✔51.09% Carbon
6.82% Hydrogen
22.39% Oxygen
16.9% Nitrogen
2.8% Sulphur
✔✔Technical Term for Nail - ✔✔Onyx.
✔✔Nail Plate - ✔✔Hard keratin substance which rests on nail bed and extends from the
nail root to free edge.
✔✔Nail Root - ✔✔Base of nail underneath the skin originating from the matrix.
✔✔Free Edge - ✔✔Part of the nail plate which extends over the finger/toe tip and is
grey/white in colour.
✔✔Nail Bed - ✔✔Soft tissue lies beneath the nail plate providing support, it is supplied
by blood vessels and nerves.
✔✔Nail Matrix - ✔✔Extends beneath the nail root, it is the living area where mitosis
occurs, most sensitive part of the nail, contains blood, lymph and nerve vessels.
✔✔Lunula - ✔✔Half moon shape at base of the nail, pale in colour due to lessened
blood supply.
✔✔Cuticle - ✔✔Natural fold of the epidermis that protects nail against infection.
, Hyponychium: under free edge.
Eponychium: over the nail.
Perionychium: sides of nail.
✔✔Nail - ✔✔Consists of keratinised stratified epithelial cells.
Cells produced in matrix
start living as cylindrical cells but rapidly become short, flat hornified cells.
✔✔Growth Pattern of the Nail - ✔✔Base to tip takes 6 months
3-5mm per month.
Grow faster in summer than winter (UV stimulated cell regeneration).
Middle finger grows faster and thumb slower.
Childs nails grow faster than adults.
Toenails grow slower but are thicker and harder.
✔✔Nail Colour - ✔✔Semi transparent showing colour of dermis underneath.
✔✔Scientific Study of Nail - ✔✔Onychology.
✔✔Technical Term for all Nail Diseases - ✔✔Onychosis.
✔✔Bacteria Nail Diseases - ✔✔Paronychia: feeds on moisture and oils, highly
contagious and attacks nail bed and wall.
- nail bed recedes and is eaten away, excessive swelling, nails are discoloured.
Onychia: extension of paronychia where bacteria grows under the nail.
✔✔Paronychia causes and treatments - ✔✔Cutting cuticles,
Improper hygiene,
Having hands in water often,
Nail biting,
False nails
Nail to be cut back and allowed to dry,
Do not cover nail,
Cover nail when in water
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Staphylococci - ✔✔Form in bunches or clusters, amongst the strongest of non-spore
forming bacteria.
Responsible for many skin disorders e.g. carbuncles, faruncles, food poisonng and
abcesses.
✔✔Diplococci - ✔✔Grow in pairs causes measles and influenza.
✔✔Classifications of bacteria - ✔✔Cocci
Bacilli
Spirilla
✔✔Bacilli - ✔✔Rod shaped, can occur singularly or in groups.
Can cause tetanus, typhoid fever.
✔✔Spirilla - ✔✔Corkscrew shaped and can cause syphilis.
✔✔Viruses - ✔✔Parasite consisting of DNA coil surrounded by a protein sheath.
They are so small they can pass through a porcelain filter.
All are pathogenic and do not respond to antibiotics
✔✔How do Viruses Reproduce - ✔✔Virus attaches itself to host cell.
Virus injects DNA into cell.
The cells metabolism reproduces according to DNA.
The virus then destroys host cell by releasing 100-200 new viruses.
✔✔How Bacteria enters the Body - ✔✔Mouth: air, drinking, eating.
Nose: air, water.
Eyes: dirt.
Ears: dirt, water.
Breaks or cuts in skin.
Infected blood passing into bloodstream.
Exchange of bodily fluids.
✔✔Bodys Defence - ✔✔Tears from eyes.
White blood cells.
Saliva from mouth.
Acid from stomach.
Antitoxins.
,Bleeding.
Mucous hairs in nose.
Rising of body temperature.
✔✔How Bacteria is Transmitted - ✔✔Unclean hands.
Unclean instruments.
Sores and pus.
Mouth and nose discharge.
Shared use of items.
✔✔Endogenous infection - ✔✔Reactivation of organisms present in a dormant state
e.g. tuberculosis.
✔✔Exogenous infection - ✔✔Caused by organisms not normally present in the body but
have gained entry by the environment.
✔✔Fungi - ✔✔Plant like organisms moulds (multicellular) and yeasts (unicellular) that
produce spores
secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from their host which damages tissues
of the body.
✔✔Parasites - ✔✔Organism that lives in or on a host to absorb nutrients.
They damage body cells and leave toxic waste e.g. lice, scabies.
✔✔Hepatitis - ✔✔Inflammation of the liver.
✔✔Hepatitis A - ✔✔Comes from faeces to oral transmission, does not cause chronic
infection and have vaccination.
Most recover completely
symptoms include vomiting and nausea.
✔✔Hepatitis B - ✔✔From blood and bodily fluids, can cause chronic infection but can
be vaccinated.
✔✔Hepatitis C - ✔✔From blood and bodily fluids, can cause chronic infection and life
long management.
✔✔Hepatitis D - ✔✔Blood and bodily fluids, can cause chronic infection and life long
management.
✔✔AIDS - ✔✔Last stage of hepatitis infection can can cause death.
✔✔Personal hygiene - ✔✔Shower daily.
,Use good deoderant.
Use mild perfume.
Have clean hair tied back.
Have short, clean, manicured nails.
Light, fresh makeup.
No jewellery.
Clean uniform.
Cover cuts.
✔✔Salon Hygiene - ✔✔Use disposables.
Keep surfaces clean.
Clean equipment.
Disinfect telephone.
Sweep/vacuum/mop daily.
Use clean towel and wrap for each client.
Cover rubbish bins.
Decant products.
✔✔Chemical Composition of the Nail - ✔✔51.09% Carbon
6.82% Hydrogen
22.39% Oxygen
16.9% Nitrogen
2.8% Sulphur
✔✔Technical Term for Nail - ✔✔Onyx.
✔✔Nail Plate - ✔✔Hard keratin substance which rests on nail bed and extends from the
nail root to free edge.
✔✔Nail Root - ✔✔Base of nail underneath the skin originating from the matrix.
✔✔Free Edge - ✔✔Part of the nail plate which extends over the finger/toe tip and is
grey/white in colour.
✔✔Nail Bed - ✔✔Soft tissue lies beneath the nail plate providing support, it is supplied
by blood vessels and nerves.
✔✔Nail Matrix - ✔✔Extends beneath the nail root, it is the living area where mitosis
occurs, most sensitive part of the nail, contains blood, lymph and nerve vessels.
✔✔Lunula - ✔✔Half moon shape at base of the nail, pale in colour due to lessened
blood supply.
✔✔Cuticle - ✔✔Natural fold of the epidermis that protects nail against infection.
, Hyponychium: under free edge.
Eponychium: over the nail.
Perionychium: sides of nail.
✔✔Nail - ✔✔Consists of keratinised stratified epithelial cells.
Cells produced in matrix
start living as cylindrical cells but rapidly become short, flat hornified cells.
✔✔Growth Pattern of the Nail - ✔✔Base to tip takes 6 months
3-5mm per month.
Grow faster in summer than winter (UV stimulated cell regeneration).
Middle finger grows faster and thumb slower.
Childs nails grow faster than adults.
Toenails grow slower but are thicker and harder.
✔✔Nail Colour - ✔✔Semi transparent showing colour of dermis underneath.
✔✔Scientific Study of Nail - ✔✔Onychology.
✔✔Technical Term for all Nail Diseases - ✔✔Onychosis.
✔✔Bacteria Nail Diseases - ✔✔Paronychia: feeds on moisture and oils, highly
contagious and attacks nail bed and wall.
- nail bed recedes and is eaten away, excessive swelling, nails are discoloured.
Onychia: extension of paronychia where bacteria grows under the nail.
✔✔Paronychia causes and treatments - ✔✔Cutting cuticles,
Improper hygiene,
Having hands in water often,
Nail biting,
False nails
Nail to be cut back and allowed to dry,
Do not cover nail,
Cover nail when in water
