CIBTAC CIDESCO ACTUAL EXAMINATION SCRIPT 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔STAPHLOCOCCI - ✔✔- Form in clusters, strongest of non-spore forming bacteria
- Responsible for many skin diseases e.g. carbuncles, furuncles etc
✔✔DIPLOCOCCI - ✔✔- Grow in pairs, cause measles and influenza
✔✔VIRUS - ✔✔- DNA coil surrounded by protein sheath
- So small, can pass through pores of porcelain filter
- All are disease causing and do not respond to antibiotics
- Reproduction: attaches to host cell, injects DNA, cell metabolism reproduces
according to DNA, virus destroys host cell by releasing 100-200 new viruses
✔✔ENDOGENOUS INFECTION
EXOGENOUS INFECTION - ✔✔- Endogenous: reactivation of micro organisms present
in body
- Exogenous: organisms not usually in body and have gained entry via environment
✔✔FUNGI - ✔✔- Plant like organisms
- Moulds (multicellular) yeasts (unicellular)
- Secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from host, damaging body tissues
✔✔PARASITE - ✔✔- Live on or in host
- Destroys tissues, absorbs nutrients and leaves toxic waste
✔✔HEPATITIS - ✔✔- Inflammation of liver
- A: faeces to oral transmission, has vaccination and most recover completely
- B, C, D: blood and bodily fluid transmission, all cause chronic infection (except B) and
only B has a vaccination
✔✔AIDS - ✔✔- Last stage of hepatitis, immune disease and can cause death
✔✔CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NAIL - ✔✔- 51% Carbon
- 6% Hydrogen
- 22% Oxygen
- 16% Nitrogen
- 2% Sulphur
✔✔NAIL - ✔✔- Technical term: onyx
- Scientific study: onychology
- Technical term for nail diseases: onychosis
- Keratinised stratified epithelial cells
- Nail bed is supplied by blood vessels and nerves
- Matrix: sensitive, contains blood, lymph and nerve vessels
,- Grows 3-5mm per month
- Semi transparent, showing colour of the dermis underneath
✔✔BACTERIAL NAIL DISEASES - ✔✔- Paronychia: feeds on moisture and oils, nail
bed recedes, nail is discoloured
- Onychia: extension of paronychia where bacteria grows under nail
✔✔FUNGAL NAIL DISEASES - ✔✔- Tinea Pedis: ringworm of the foot, skin becomes
white and sodden
- Tinea Unguium: ringworm of the nail, yellow streaks, becomes spongy and discoloured
✔✔VIRAL NAIL DISEASES - ✔✔- Verucca: epidermal leison
✔✔NON CONTAGIOUS NAIL DISEASE/DISORDERS - ✔✔- Psoriasis: causes pitting
and build up of silvery scales
- Hangnail: torn skin on cuticle
- Onychoylosis: loosening from nail bed
- Pteriguim: foward growth of eponychium
- Onychatrophia: thin, fragile nails
✔✔ENDOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
PINOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS - ✔✔- Membrane surrounds droplets of fluid or solid and encloses,
forming vacuole within cell. Slow process, but allows larger substances to pass through.
- Cell eating where contents is solid, performed by macrophages and leucocytes,
membrane encloses forming a vacuole and microbe is destroyed due to enzyme action.
- Cell drinking where contents is fluid, membrane encloses forming a vacuole.
- Membrane ejects materials out of cell.
✔✔EPITHELIAL TISSUE - ✔✔- Covers surfaces of body
- Protective in function, can absorb and secrete
- 2 types: simple (ciliated, columnar, cubodial and squamous) and compound (stratified
and transitional)
✔✔SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE - ✔✔- Squamous: flattened cells, found in epidermis
- Cubodial: cube shaped tightly packed, involved in absorption and secretion, found in
some glands
- Columnar: elongated cells tightly packed, some absorb, others secrete, found in lining
of stomach
- Ciliated Columnar: covers wet sufaces, have cilia, found in respiratory tract
✔✔COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSUE - ✔✔- Statified: several layers of differently
shaped cells keratinised cover dry surface such as epidermis
non-keratinised cover wet surfaces such as oesophagus
, - Transitional: several layers when relaxed, 1 or 2 when stretched, found in bladder wall
✔✔CONNECTIVE TISSUE - ✔✔- Supports and binds
- 8 types: areolar, adipose, white fibrous, yellow elastic, lymphoid, cartilage (hyaline,
yellow elastic, white fibro), bone (compact or cancellous), blood and lymph
✔✔AREOLAR TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE
WHITE FIBROUS
YELLOW ELASTIC
LYMPHOID
(SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUE) - ✔✔- Areolar: loose, most common, fibroblasts,
macrophages, plasma, and adipose, found in dermis
- Adipose: fat cells, contours body, energy reserves, supports organs
- White fibrous: dense, closely packed bundles of white fibres, very little matrix, found in
tendons and ligaments
- Yellow Elastic: found in organs where alteration of shape is required, capable of
extension and recoil, few cells, matrix has masses of elastin
Lymphoid: semi solid matrix, has lymphocytes, found in lymph nodes
✔✔CARTILAGE (HARD) - ✔✔- Similar to bone without mineral content
- Hyaline: bluish white in colour, forms coastal cartilage
- White Fibro Cartilage: tough, slightly flexible, dense white fibres, forms pads between
veretbrae
- Yellow Elastic: yellow fibres, semi solid matrix, forms outer ear and epiglottis
✔✔BONE TISSUE (HARD) - ✔✔- Compact:
- Cancellous:
- 25% water
- 30% organic material (cells)
- 45% inorganic salts (calcium, carbonate of lime)
✔✔BLOOD AND LYMPH TISSUE (LIQUID) - ✔✔- 55% plasma
- 45% blood cells
- lymph: carries waste, only leucocytes, less food and proteins than blood
✔✔MUCUS MEMBRANE
SEROUS MEMBRANE
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE - ✔✔- Mucus: epithelial tissue, protects areas from drying out,
infection and cracks, sticky in consistency
- Serous: epithelial and connective tissue, allows organs to move without friction
- Synovial: lubricates joints, connective tissue, thick and oily consistency
✔✔ENDOCRINE GLAND
EXOCRINE GLAND
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔STAPHLOCOCCI - ✔✔- Form in clusters, strongest of non-spore forming bacteria
- Responsible for many skin diseases e.g. carbuncles, furuncles etc
✔✔DIPLOCOCCI - ✔✔- Grow in pairs, cause measles and influenza
✔✔VIRUS - ✔✔- DNA coil surrounded by protein sheath
- So small, can pass through pores of porcelain filter
- All are disease causing and do not respond to antibiotics
- Reproduction: attaches to host cell, injects DNA, cell metabolism reproduces
according to DNA, virus destroys host cell by releasing 100-200 new viruses
✔✔ENDOGENOUS INFECTION
EXOGENOUS INFECTION - ✔✔- Endogenous: reactivation of micro organisms present
in body
- Exogenous: organisms not usually in body and have gained entry via environment
✔✔FUNGI - ✔✔- Plant like organisms
- Moulds (multicellular) yeasts (unicellular)
- Secrete digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from host, damaging body tissues
✔✔PARASITE - ✔✔- Live on or in host
- Destroys tissues, absorbs nutrients and leaves toxic waste
✔✔HEPATITIS - ✔✔- Inflammation of liver
- A: faeces to oral transmission, has vaccination and most recover completely
- B, C, D: blood and bodily fluid transmission, all cause chronic infection (except B) and
only B has a vaccination
✔✔AIDS - ✔✔- Last stage of hepatitis, immune disease and can cause death
✔✔CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF NAIL - ✔✔- 51% Carbon
- 6% Hydrogen
- 22% Oxygen
- 16% Nitrogen
- 2% Sulphur
✔✔NAIL - ✔✔- Technical term: onyx
- Scientific study: onychology
- Technical term for nail diseases: onychosis
- Keratinised stratified epithelial cells
- Nail bed is supplied by blood vessels and nerves
- Matrix: sensitive, contains blood, lymph and nerve vessels
,- Grows 3-5mm per month
- Semi transparent, showing colour of the dermis underneath
✔✔BACTERIAL NAIL DISEASES - ✔✔- Paronychia: feeds on moisture and oils, nail
bed recedes, nail is discoloured
- Onychia: extension of paronychia where bacteria grows under nail
✔✔FUNGAL NAIL DISEASES - ✔✔- Tinea Pedis: ringworm of the foot, skin becomes
white and sodden
- Tinea Unguium: ringworm of the nail, yellow streaks, becomes spongy and discoloured
✔✔VIRAL NAIL DISEASES - ✔✔- Verucca: epidermal leison
✔✔NON CONTAGIOUS NAIL DISEASE/DISORDERS - ✔✔- Psoriasis: causes pitting
and build up of silvery scales
- Hangnail: torn skin on cuticle
- Onychoylosis: loosening from nail bed
- Pteriguim: foward growth of eponychium
- Onychatrophia: thin, fragile nails
✔✔ENDOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
PINOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS - ✔✔- Membrane surrounds droplets of fluid or solid and encloses,
forming vacuole within cell. Slow process, but allows larger substances to pass through.
- Cell eating where contents is solid, performed by macrophages and leucocytes,
membrane encloses forming a vacuole and microbe is destroyed due to enzyme action.
- Cell drinking where contents is fluid, membrane encloses forming a vacuole.
- Membrane ejects materials out of cell.
✔✔EPITHELIAL TISSUE - ✔✔- Covers surfaces of body
- Protective in function, can absorb and secrete
- 2 types: simple (ciliated, columnar, cubodial and squamous) and compound (stratified
and transitional)
✔✔SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE - ✔✔- Squamous: flattened cells, found in epidermis
- Cubodial: cube shaped tightly packed, involved in absorption and secretion, found in
some glands
- Columnar: elongated cells tightly packed, some absorb, others secrete, found in lining
of stomach
- Ciliated Columnar: covers wet sufaces, have cilia, found in respiratory tract
✔✔COMPOUND EPITHELIAL TISSUE - ✔✔- Statified: several layers of differently
shaped cells keratinised cover dry surface such as epidermis
non-keratinised cover wet surfaces such as oesophagus
, - Transitional: several layers when relaxed, 1 or 2 when stretched, found in bladder wall
✔✔CONNECTIVE TISSUE - ✔✔- Supports and binds
- 8 types: areolar, adipose, white fibrous, yellow elastic, lymphoid, cartilage (hyaline,
yellow elastic, white fibro), bone (compact or cancellous), blood and lymph
✔✔AREOLAR TISSUE
ADIPOSE TISSUE
WHITE FIBROUS
YELLOW ELASTIC
LYMPHOID
(SOFT CONNECTIVE TISSUE) - ✔✔- Areolar: loose, most common, fibroblasts,
macrophages, plasma, and adipose, found in dermis
- Adipose: fat cells, contours body, energy reserves, supports organs
- White fibrous: dense, closely packed bundles of white fibres, very little matrix, found in
tendons and ligaments
- Yellow Elastic: found in organs where alteration of shape is required, capable of
extension and recoil, few cells, matrix has masses of elastin
Lymphoid: semi solid matrix, has lymphocytes, found in lymph nodes
✔✔CARTILAGE (HARD) - ✔✔- Similar to bone without mineral content
- Hyaline: bluish white in colour, forms coastal cartilage
- White Fibro Cartilage: tough, slightly flexible, dense white fibres, forms pads between
veretbrae
- Yellow Elastic: yellow fibres, semi solid matrix, forms outer ear and epiglottis
✔✔BONE TISSUE (HARD) - ✔✔- Compact:
- Cancellous:
- 25% water
- 30% organic material (cells)
- 45% inorganic salts (calcium, carbonate of lime)
✔✔BLOOD AND LYMPH TISSUE (LIQUID) - ✔✔- 55% plasma
- 45% blood cells
- lymph: carries waste, only leucocytes, less food and proteins than blood
✔✔MUCUS MEMBRANE
SEROUS MEMBRANE
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE - ✔✔- Mucus: epithelial tissue, protects areas from drying out,
infection and cracks, sticky in consistency
- Serous: epithelial and connective tissue, allows organs to move without friction
- Synovial: lubricates joints, connective tissue, thick and oily consistency
✔✔ENDOCRINE GLAND
EXOCRINE GLAND
