Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Exam
Review: Turf & Landscape
Ch.1 List the general kinds of damage insect pests can cause - ✔✔ correct answer -Chew on
seeds, roots, leaves, stems, & fruits
-Tunnel in roots, stems, & leaves
-Suck plant juices
-Promote gall formation and other malformations
-Inject toxins into plants -Transmit diseases to plants
-Create a nuisance for people
Ch.1 Describe the structural features of insects - ✔✔ correct answer Insects have: body form
has 3 regions: head, thorax, abdomen; 3 pairs of legs attached to thorax; 0, 1, or 2 pairs of wings
attached to thorax; 1 pair of antennae
Ch.1 Explain how to distinguish insects from other arthropods - ✔✔ correct answer Arthropods
have: exoskeleton; body form has 2 regions: head & abdomen; usually 4 pairs of legs attached
to head; no wings; no antennae
Ch.1 Contrast the difference between simple and complete metamorphosis - ✔✔ correct
answer -Simple: "Incomplete Metamorphosis"; 3 stages: egg, nymph, & adult
-Complete: 4 distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, & adult
Ch.1 Explain how temperature and humidity affect insect development - ✔✔ correct answer
*Temperature & humidity preferences vary for each insect.
*Combined effect of both on reproduction & development is more dramatically different than
the effect of either alone.
-Temperature: development is faster with heat & slower with cold temps; insects die at the high
levels of developmental threshold temps and become inactive at low levels
-Humidity: effects insect diseases; effects moisture levels required for survival
,Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Exam
Review: Turf & Landscape
Ch.1 List the advantages and disadvantages of using insecticides - ✔✔ correct answer
Advantages:
-Effective against economically damaging pests
-Can combine 1 or 2 insecticides to combat several pests
-They act quickly to control pests before reaching damaging levels
-For new pests, there are many compounds that have been proven effective
-Effective insecticides, suitable formulations, & application equipment are normally available
Disadvantages:
-Often eliminate beneficial insects, allowing target organisms to rebound quickly
-Repeated exposure can lead to resistance in a pest population
-Yearly dependence on applications is an added cost
-Always a potential for drift, residues, and damage
Ch.2 Explain what determines whether a given plant is a weed - ✔✔ correct answer Weeds are
unwanted plants
Ch.2 List the two main goals of weed management - ✔✔ correct answer 1. Minimize weed
competition
2. Limit the weed's reproduction so that you can still manage the weed population in future
years
Ch.2 Describe ways that weeds can pose problems in turf and landscapes (7) - ✔✔ correct
answer -Interfere with management practices
-Produce chemical inhibitors that directly retard the growth of desirable plants (allelopathy)
-Create a poor impression on customers
-Interferes with pesticide applications
,Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Exam
Review: Turf & Landscape
-Support insect pests and plant diseases or provide cover for rodents
-Are poisonous, allergenic, or irritating to people or pets
-Dry out or die and become fire hazards
Ch.2 Distinguish grasses from broadleaf plants and woody from herbaceous plants - ✔✔ correct
answer -Grasses (Monocots): most common weeds; have a single seed leaf (cotyledon) when
they germinate; narrow leaves with parallel viens
-Broadleaves (Dicots): have 2 seed leaves when they germinate; veins form a net-like or
branching pattern; can be broken down into Woody and Herbaceous plants
--> Woody: have thickened outer layer on stems (bark)
--> Herbaceous: lacks bark
Ch. 2 Describe the life cycles and propagation of annual, biennial, and perennial plants - ✔✔
correct answer -Annuals: live less than 12 months; most seeds germinate the following year,
some are dormant taking several years; prolific seed producers.
--> Summer Annuals: germinate from seed in spring, flower/produce seeds in summer, die in
late summer/early fall.
--> Winter Annuals: germinate from seed in fall, overwinter as low-growing plants,
flower/produce seeds in spring, then die.
-Biennials: live for 2 growing seasons; germinate from seeds in spring or summer and produce a
rosette of leaves, overwinter in rosette stage, flower the following year, produce seed, and die.
-Perennials: live for at least 2 years, sometimes longer; may reproduce by seed or spread
vegetatively (stolons, rhizomes, spreading roots, tubers, bulbs)
Ch.2 Outline what is needed to kill annual, biennial, and perennial weeds and when it is easiest
to do so - ✔✔ correct answer -Annuals: kill the whole shoot by tillage or with herbicides during
seeding stage.
--> Summer Annuals: kill with tillage or herbicides during seeding stage.
, Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Exam
Review: Turf & Landscape
--> Winter Annuals: kill with tillage or herbicides during seeding stage.
-Biennials: best controlled with herbicides during rosette stage.
Perennials: controlled by repeatedly tilling or with herbicides that translocates to all plant parts.
Ch.2 Distinguish the difference between preplant, preemergence, and postemergence herbicide
applications - ✔✔ correct answer -Preplant: done before planting.
-Preemergence: usually (not always) done after planting but before plants/weeds emerge.
-Postemergence: done selectively after plants/weeds emerge; timing is important; if the
desirable plant is smaller or larger than the growth stage listed on the label, it may be damaged
by the herbicide.
Ch.2 Explain the effects of soil texture, organic matter, and pH and herbicide persistence on
herbicide activity - ✔✔ correct answer -Fine textured soils or soils with high organic matter
often require higher herbicide rates than soils with coarser texture or low organic matter.
-Some herbicides prohibit product use on certain soils with a light texture, low organic matter,
or high pH to guard against excessive plant damage or herbicide persistence.
-Excessive leaching on sandy soils with shallow water tables may result in groundwater
contamination.
Ch.2 Describe how and when to make a basal-bark treatment - ✔✔ correct answer -Apply spray
to lower 18 inches of stems
-Thoroughly wet stem, crown, and exposed roots
-Can make treatments throughout the year as long as the bark is not wet or when snow or
water prevent spraying to the ground
Ch.2 Describe how and when to make an effective cut-stump treatment - ✔✔ correct answer -
Recommended for plants with thick bark or trunk is greater than 5 inches in diameter.
Review: Turf & Landscape
Ch.1 List the general kinds of damage insect pests can cause - ✔✔ correct answer -Chew on
seeds, roots, leaves, stems, & fruits
-Tunnel in roots, stems, & leaves
-Suck plant juices
-Promote gall formation and other malformations
-Inject toxins into plants -Transmit diseases to plants
-Create a nuisance for people
Ch.1 Describe the structural features of insects - ✔✔ correct answer Insects have: body form
has 3 regions: head, thorax, abdomen; 3 pairs of legs attached to thorax; 0, 1, or 2 pairs of wings
attached to thorax; 1 pair of antennae
Ch.1 Explain how to distinguish insects from other arthropods - ✔✔ correct answer Arthropods
have: exoskeleton; body form has 2 regions: head & abdomen; usually 4 pairs of legs attached
to head; no wings; no antennae
Ch.1 Contrast the difference between simple and complete metamorphosis - ✔✔ correct
answer -Simple: "Incomplete Metamorphosis"; 3 stages: egg, nymph, & adult
-Complete: 4 distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, & adult
Ch.1 Explain how temperature and humidity affect insect development - ✔✔ correct answer
*Temperature & humidity preferences vary for each insect.
*Combined effect of both on reproduction & development is more dramatically different than
the effect of either alone.
-Temperature: development is faster with heat & slower with cold temps; insects die at the high
levels of developmental threshold temps and become inactive at low levels
-Humidity: effects insect diseases; effects moisture levels required for survival
,Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Exam
Review: Turf & Landscape
Ch.1 List the advantages and disadvantages of using insecticides - ✔✔ correct answer
Advantages:
-Effective against economically damaging pests
-Can combine 1 or 2 insecticides to combat several pests
-They act quickly to control pests before reaching damaging levels
-For new pests, there are many compounds that have been proven effective
-Effective insecticides, suitable formulations, & application equipment are normally available
Disadvantages:
-Often eliminate beneficial insects, allowing target organisms to rebound quickly
-Repeated exposure can lead to resistance in a pest population
-Yearly dependence on applications is an added cost
-Always a potential for drift, residues, and damage
Ch.2 Explain what determines whether a given plant is a weed - ✔✔ correct answer Weeds are
unwanted plants
Ch.2 List the two main goals of weed management - ✔✔ correct answer 1. Minimize weed
competition
2. Limit the weed's reproduction so that you can still manage the weed population in future
years
Ch.2 Describe ways that weeds can pose problems in turf and landscapes (7) - ✔✔ correct
answer -Interfere with management practices
-Produce chemical inhibitors that directly retard the growth of desirable plants (allelopathy)
-Create a poor impression on customers
-Interferes with pesticide applications
,Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Exam
Review: Turf & Landscape
-Support insect pests and plant diseases or provide cover for rodents
-Are poisonous, allergenic, or irritating to people or pets
-Dry out or die and become fire hazards
Ch.2 Distinguish grasses from broadleaf plants and woody from herbaceous plants - ✔✔ correct
answer -Grasses (Monocots): most common weeds; have a single seed leaf (cotyledon) when
they germinate; narrow leaves with parallel viens
-Broadleaves (Dicots): have 2 seed leaves when they germinate; veins form a net-like or
branching pattern; can be broken down into Woody and Herbaceous plants
--> Woody: have thickened outer layer on stems (bark)
--> Herbaceous: lacks bark
Ch. 2 Describe the life cycles and propagation of annual, biennial, and perennial plants - ✔✔
correct answer -Annuals: live less than 12 months; most seeds germinate the following year,
some are dormant taking several years; prolific seed producers.
--> Summer Annuals: germinate from seed in spring, flower/produce seeds in summer, die in
late summer/early fall.
--> Winter Annuals: germinate from seed in fall, overwinter as low-growing plants,
flower/produce seeds in spring, then die.
-Biennials: live for 2 growing seasons; germinate from seeds in spring or summer and produce a
rosette of leaves, overwinter in rosette stage, flower the following year, produce seed, and die.
-Perennials: live for at least 2 years, sometimes longer; may reproduce by seed or spread
vegetatively (stolons, rhizomes, spreading roots, tubers, bulbs)
Ch.2 Outline what is needed to kill annual, biennial, and perennial weeds and when it is easiest
to do so - ✔✔ correct answer -Annuals: kill the whole shoot by tillage or with herbicides during
seeding stage.
--> Summer Annuals: kill with tillage or herbicides during seeding stage.
, Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Exam
Review: Turf & Landscape
--> Winter Annuals: kill with tillage or herbicides during seeding stage.
-Biennials: best controlled with herbicides during rosette stage.
Perennials: controlled by repeatedly tilling or with herbicides that translocates to all plant parts.
Ch.2 Distinguish the difference between preplant, preemergence, and postemergence herbicide
applications - ✔✔ correct answer -Preplant: done before planting.
-Preemergence: usually (not always) done after planting but before plants/weeds emerge.
-Postemergence: done selectively after plants/weeds emerge; timing is important; if the
desirable plant is smaller or larger than the growth stage listed on the label, it may be damaged
by the herbicide.
Ch.2 Explain the effects of soil texture, organic matter, and pH and herbicide persistence on
herbicide activity - ✔✔ correct answer -Fine textured soils or soils with high organic matter
often require higher herbicide rates than soils with coarser texture or low organic matter.
-Some herbicides prohibit product use on certain soils with a light texture, low organic matter,
or high pH to guard against excessive plant damage or herbicide persistence.
-Excessive leaching on sandy soils with shallow water tables may result in groundwater
contamination.
Ch.2 Describe how and when to make a basal-bark treatment - ✔✔ correct answer -Apply spray
to lower 18 inches of stems
-Thoroughly wet stem, crown, and exposed roots
-Can make treatments throughout the year as long as the bark is not wet or when snow or
water prevent spraying to the ground
Ch.2 Describe how and when to make an effective cut-stump treatment - ✔✔ correct answer -
Recommended for plants with thick bark or trunk is greater than 5 inches in diameter.
