AVMG 4200 EXAM 3 SA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
16.1 Describe the three main dimensions of "Air Eligibility" for products that travel by air.
- Answers :The three main dimensions of "Air Eligibility" for products that travel by air
are perishable, time-sensitive, and high value. Perishable goods are those that have a
relatively short useful life, goods that are in high demand for a short period of time, or
seasonal goods. Time-sensitive goods are goods that need to move quickly and get to
their destination quickly whether it be because they are perishable, they're demand
period is limited, a supply chain relies of the component. High value goods are goods
that tie up a lot of capital which increases the benefit of getting them to market quickly,
and goods that can absorb the cost easier because they are expensive. This is related
to value density because the higher the value density the quicker the good should be
moving and air is the quickest method.
16.2 Describe "DimWeight" and discuss how the concept is used in air freight. Why do
air freight carriers use the concept of "DimWeight" while other modes typically do not? -
Answers :"DimWeight" is the amount of space a product takes up compared to how
much it weighs and is used in air freight to determine how much it will cost to ship. For
example, a ball with a set weight will ship at a higher "DimWeight" when inflated
because it takes up more space. "DimWeight" is determined by dividing the unit volume
by the dim factor. Air freight carriers use the concept of "DimWeight" while other modes
typically do not, because it is important to consider both weight and space when it
comes to cost of air cargo, whereas when moving passengers it is understood that they
will only take up the one seat they paid for no matter what.
17.1. Describe the "Weight & Balance Control Program." Explain the 5 major areas that
must be covered under the program? - Answers :The weight and balance control
program is in place for the control of the weight and balance manual to ensure
compliance with operating limitations in the WBM including operating instructions. 5 of
the major areas that must be covered under the weight and balance control program are
aircraft operating weights, loading limitations, information of aircraft cargo restraint
systems, requirements for special cargo loads, aircraft loading schedules, information
for determination of the aircraft's CG, zone limitations, and more.
17.2. Defined and describe CLS, ULDs, and Cargo Restraint Devices. Explain how they
are certified by the FAA. - Answers :CLS is a Cargo Loading System, ULD is a Unit
Load Device, and a Cargo restraint is something such as a strap. Cargo restraints
consist of primary and supplement restraints. A unit load device is either something
such as a container or a pallet. A cargo loading system is part of the aircraft and how it
is loaded and unloaded.
17.3. Define and "Special Cargo." Describe the program/function used to ensure the
safe transport of Special Cargo. - Answers :Special Cargo is cargo that is not contained
in a ULD certified for the airplane CLS or enclosed in a cargo compartment certified for
bulk loading. The Special Cargo Analysis Function is used to ensure safe transport of
Special Cargo through including a person with overall responsibility, ensuring the
, special cargo complies with certified procedures and equipment, and planning and
supervising the transport of special cargo including restraint systems and characteristics
all to comply with the AFM or WBM and operating limitations.
18.1. Describe and discuss the different types of cargo aircraft and how freighter aircraft
are categorized? - Answers :The different types of cargo aircraft are freighter, combi,
feeder, and passenger (belly). Furthermore, the freighter aircraft are categorized as
standard body, medium wide-body and large. A standard body is less than a 45-ton
payload and is usually used by express or remote carriers for short-medium haul flights
and is often converted from passenger jets. A medium wide body has between a 45 and
80 ton of payload and is often used by integrators and others for short-medium haul
flights and are also mostly converted from passenger jets. A large body has a greater
than 80-ton payload and is optimized for dense cargo used on long haul flights by all
cargo, combination, or integrated carriers and are mostly factory built. A freighter is
used just for cargo. A feeder is smaller used to feed hubs. A combi is a mix of
passenger and cargo aircraft but has more space designated for cargo than just belly
space and is used in areas that need more cargo capacity but less passenger capacity.
A passenger (belly) aircraft is used to carry passengers primarily but carries cargo in the
belly.
18.2. List and describe the operational considerations in determining how and where to
employ freighter aircraft? - Answers :The operational considerations in determining how
and where to employ freighter aircraft include payload-range tradeoff, freighter vs
passenger performance, network structure (multi stops and tech stops), tinkering,
scheduling (day of week and airport environment), and air routes.
18.3. Describe the state of development of cargo drones. Which industry segments and
carriers are leading development efforts and what challenges must be overcome to
achieve wider use of un-manned cargo aircraft. - Answers :Cargo drones have been
developed but are in a state of improvement to increase their size, payload, and range.
The biggest issue or barrier to development in the United States is regulations for safety
and efficiency purposes. Elroy Air, China, Boeing, Sabrewing, Nautilus, and UPS are
some of the carriers and segments leading development efforts. Some of the challenges
that must be overcome to achieve wider use of un-manned cargo aircraft are pay load,
range, and most of all regulations that limit or prohibit their use in many cases. Some of
the leading carriers who are the only 135 operators at this time are UPS, Amazon, Wing
Aviation (Alphabet Company), and Zipline Aviation.
19.1. Describe the difference between cargo handling equipment used to load and
restrain cargo in the aircraft vs. that used on the ground to load the aircraft and move
cargo to and from cargo buildings. - Answers :Cargo handling equipment used to load
and restrain cargo in the aircraft must be designed to be airworthy and kept in an
airworthy condition. The cargo loading system is what is in the aircraft and unit load
devices such as containers and pallets are often used. There are also cargo restraint
systems to prevent cargo from shifting during flight. The equipment used on the ground
16.1 Describe the three main dimensions of "Air Eligibility" for products that travel by air.
- Answers :The three main dimensions of "Air Eligibility" for products that travel by air
are perishable, time-sensitive, and high value. Perishable goods are those that have a
relatively short useful life, goods that are in high demand for a short period of time, or
seasonal goods. Time-sensitive goods are goods that need to move quickly and get to
their destination quickly whether it be because they are perishable, they're demand
period is limited, a supply chain relies of the component. High value goods are goods
that tie up a lot of capital which increases the benefit of getting them to market quickly,
and goods that can absorb the cost easier because they are expensive. This is related
to value density because the higher the value density the quicker the good should be
moving and air is the quickest method.
16.2 Describe "DimWeight" and discuss how the concept is used in air freight. Why do
air freight carriers use the concept of "DimWeight" while other modes typically do not? -
Answers :"DimWeight" is the amount of space a product takes up compared to how
much it weighs and is used in air freight to determine how much it will cost to ship. For
example, a ball with a set weight will ship at a higher "DimWeight" when inflated
because it takes up more space. "DimWeight" is determined by dividing the unit volume
by the dim factor. Air freight carriers use the concept of "DimWeight" while other modes
typically do not, because it is important to consider both weight and space when it
comes to cost of air cargo, whereas when moving passengers it is understood that they
will only take up the one seat they paid for no matter what.
17.1. Describe the "Weight & Balance Control Program." Explain the 5 major areas that
must be covered under the program? - Answers :The weight and balance control
program is in place for the control of the weight and balance manual to ensure
compliance with operating limitations in the WBM including operating instructions. 5 of
the major areas that must be covered under the weight and balance control program are
aircraft operating weights, loading limitations, information of aircraft cargo restraint
systems, requirements for special cargo loads, aircraft loading schedules, information
for determination of the aircraft's CG, zone limitations, and more.
17.2. Defined and describe CLS, ULDs, and Cargo Restraint Devices. Explain how they
are certified by the FAA. - Answers :CLS is a Cargo Loading System, ULD is a Unit
Load Device, and a Cargo restraint is something such as a strap. Cargo restraints
consist of primary and supplement restraints. A unit load device is either something
such as a container or a pallet. A cargo loading system is part of the aircraft and how it
is loaded and unloaded.
17.3. Define and "Special Cargo." Describe the program/function used to ensure the
safe transport of Special Cargo. - Answers :Special Cargo is cargo that is not contained
in a ULD certified for the airplane CLS or enclosed in a cargo compartment certified for
bulk loading. The Special Cargo Analysis Function is used to ensure safe transport of
Special Cargo through including a person with overall responsibility, ensuring the
, special cargo complies with certified procedures and equipment, and planning and
supervising the transport of special cargo including restraint systems and characteristics
all to comply with the AFM or WBM and operating limitations.
18.1. Describe and discuss the different types of cargo aircraft and how freighter aircraft
are categorized? - Answers :The different types of cargo aircraft are freighter, combi,
feeder, and passenger (belly). Furthermore, the freighter aircraft are categorized as
standard body, medium wide-body and large. A standard body is less than a 45-ton
payload and is usually used by express or remote carriers for short-medium haul flights
and is often converted from passenger jets. A medium wide body has between a 45 and
80 ton of payload and is often used by integrators and others for short-medium haul
flights and are also mostly converted from passenger jets. A large body has a greater
than 80-ton payload and is optimized for dense cargo used on long haul flights by all
cargo, combination, or integrated carriers and are mostly factory built. A freighter is
used just for cargo. A feeder is smaller used to feed hubs. A combi is a mix of
passenger and cargo aircraft but has more space designated for cargo than just belly
space and is used in areas that need more cargo capacity but less passenger capacity.
A passenger (belly) aircraft is used to carry passengers primarily but carries cargo in the
belly.
18.2. List and describe the operational considerations in determining how and where to
employ freighter aircraft? - Answers :The operational considerations in determining how
and where to employ freighter aircraft include payload-range tradeoff, freighter vs
passenger performance, network structure (multi stops and tech stops), tinkering,
scheduling (day of week and airport environment), and air routes.
18.3. Describe the state of development of cargo drones. Which industry segments and
carriers are leading development efforts and what challenges must be overcome to
achieve wider use of un-manned cargo aircraft. - Answers :Cargo drones have been
developed but are in a state of improvement to increase their size, payload, and range.
The biggest issue or barrier to development in the United States is regulations for safety
and efficiency purposes. Elroy Air, China, Boeing, Sabrewing, Nautilus, and UPS are
some of the carriers and segments leading development efforts. Some of the challenges
that must be overcome to achieve wider use of un-manned cargo aircraft are pay load,
range, and most of all regulations that limit or prohibit their use in many cases. Some of
the leading carriers who are the only 135 operators at this time are UPS, Amazon, Wing
Aviation (Alphabet Company), and Zipline Aviation.
19.1. Describe the difference between cargo handling equipment used to load and
restrain cargo in the aircraft vs. that used on the ground to load the aircraft and move
cargo to and from cargo buildings. - Answers :Cargo handling equipment used to load
and restrain cargo in the aircraft must be designed to be airworthy and kept in an
airworthy condition. The cargo loading system is what is in the aircraft and unit load
devices such as containers and pallets are often used. There are also cargo restraint
systems to prevent cargo from shifting during flight. The equipment used on the ground
