NURS 367 DFD - Pathophysiology
Clinical Reasoning Nursing Exam And
Complete Answers.
endoplasmic reticulum - Answer can either be smooth or rough and in general, its function is to
produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- lacks ribosomes and is not involved in protein synthesis. It is important
in the synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. It is often less extensive and ribosomes do not
associate with it.
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum- plays an important role in the synthesis of proteins that are designed for,
secretion into the extracellular matrix e.g. mucus and enzymes.
What is the effect of cold on blood viscosity and blood vessel size? - Answer Sudden changes in
temperature cause thermal stress for the body, which has to work harder to maintain its constant
temperature. This type of stress has a profound, direct effect on the viscosity of your blood. when blood
gets cold it makes it thicker, stickier and flows more slowly and more likely to clot.
What is the function of DNA in relation to protein synthesis? - Answer It stores instructions for making
other large molecules, called proteins. These instructions are stored inside each of your cells.
What is the cell membrane made up of? - Answer - phospholipid bilayer (a phosphate group on one
end, called the "head," and two side-by-side chains of fatty acids that make up the lipid tails. The
phosphate group is negatively charged, making the head polar and hydrophilic—or "water-loving."
hydrophobic molecule "water-hating"
- Proteins; the second major component of plasma membranes. 2 main categories of membrane
proteins: integral and peripheral. Integral; they have at least one hydrophobic region that anchors them
to the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer; are found on the outside and inside surfaces of
membranes, attached either to integral proteins or to phospholipids. peripheral membrane proteins do
not stick into the hydrophobic core of the membrane.
- Carbohydrates- are the third major component of plasma membranes; found on the outside surface of
cells, are bound either to proteins (forming glycoproteins) or lipids (forming glycolipids). may consist of
2-60 monosaccharide units; can be either straight or branched. form distinctive cellular markers;
molecular ID badges; allow cells to recognize each other, allowing immune cells to differentiate between
body cells.
, What is the cause of most genetic disorders? How many genes are usually affected - Answer - a disease
caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal sequence.
- The mutation changes the gene's instructions for making a protein, the protein does not work properly
or is missing entirely. On average, people probably carry from 5 to 10 genes with mutations in each of
their cells. Problem; particular gene is dominant/ mutation is present in both copies of a recessive gene
pair
- Down syndrome- A genetic chromosome 21 disorder causing developmental and intellectual delays.
- Cystic fibrosis ( a lung disease)- an inherited life-threatening disorder that damages the lungs and
digestive system.
- sickle cell anemia ( a blood disease)-
- Tay Sachs disease-
- Huntington's diseases- an inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over time.
- Hemophilia- a disorder in which blood doesn't clot normally.
- Thalassemia- A blood disorder involving less than normal amounts of an oxygen-carrying protein.
- Fragile X syndrome- A genetic condition causing intellectual disability.
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy- an inherited disorder of progressive muscular weakness, typically in
boys.
What are the characteristics of a malignant - Answer - cells that don't look like normal adult cells
- they don't perform normal functions of the tissue
- they may secrete signals enzymes, toxin, etc
grow rapidly.
- infiltrate, invade, and metastasize to distant sites
- malignant tumors are able to destroy the surrounding tissues.
benign neoplasm - Answer - look like normal tissue cells.
- they grow slowly
- they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule
Clinical Reasoning Nursing Exam And
Complete Answers.
endoplasmic reticulum - Answer can either be smooth or rough and in general, its function is to
produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function.
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- lacks ribosomes and is not involved in protein synthesis. It is important
in the synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. It is often less extensive and ribosomes do not
associate with it.
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum- plays an important role in the synthesis of proteins that are designed for,
secretion into the extracellular matrix e.g. mucus and enzymes.
What is the effect of cold on blood viscosity and blood vessel size? - Answer Sudden changes in
temperature cause thermal stress for the body, which has to work harder to maintain its constant
temperature. This type of stress has a profound, direct effect on the viscosity of your blood. when blood
gets cold it makes it thicker, stickier and flows more slowly and more likely to clot.
What is the function of DNA in relation to protein synthesis? - Answer It stores instructions for making
other large molecules, called proteins. These instructions are stored inside each of your cells.
What is the cell membrane made up of? - Answer - phospholipid bilayer (a phosphate group on one
end, called the "head," and two side-by-side chains of fatty acids that make up the lipid tails. The
phosphate group is negatively charged, making the head polar and hydrophilic—or "water-loving."
hydrophobic molecule "water-hating"
- Proteins; the second major component of plasma membranes. 2 main categories of membrane
proteins: integral and peripheral. Integral; they have at least one hydrophobic region that anchors them
to the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer; are found on the outside and inside surfaces of
membranes, attached either to integral proteins or to phospholipids. peripheral membrane proteins do
not stick into the hydrophobic core of the membrane.
- Carbohydrates- are the third major component of plasma membranes; found on the outside surface of
cells, are bound either to proteins (forming glycoproteins) or lipids (forming glycolipids). may consist of
2-60 monosaccharide units; can be either straight or branched. form distinctive cellular markers;
molecular ID badges; allow cells to recognize each other, allowing immune cells to differentiate between
body cells.
, What is the cause of most genetic disorders? How many genes are usually affected - Answer - a disease
caused in whole or in part by a change in the DNA sequence away from the normal sequence.
- The mutation changes the gene's instructions for making a protein, the protein does not work properly
or is missing entirely. On average, people probably carry from 5 to 10 genes with mutations in each of
their cells. Problem; particular gene is dominant/ mutation is present in both copies of a recessive gene
pair
- Down syndrome- A genetic chromosome 21 disorder causing developmental and intellectual delays.
- Cystic fibrosis ( a lung disease)- an inherited life-threatening disorder that damages the lungs and
digestive system.
- sickle cell anemia ( a blood disease)-
- Tay Sachs disease-
- Huntington's diseases- an inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over time.
- Hemophilia- a disorder in which blood doesn't clot normally.
- Thalassemia- A blood disorder involving less than normal amounts of an oxygen-carrying protein.
- Fragile X syndrome- A genetic condition causing intellectual disability.
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy- an inherited disorder of progressive muscular weakness, typically in
boys.
What are the characteristics of a malignant - Answer - cells that don't look like normal adult cells
- they don't perform normal functions of the tissue
- they may secrete signals enzymes, toxin, etc
grow rapidly.
- infiltrate, invade, and metastasize to distant sites
- malignant tumors are able to destroy the surrounding tissues.
benign neoplasm - Answer - look like normal tissue cells.
- they grow slowly
- they are surrounded by a fibrous capsule
