PATH 1000 UNIT 8-12 REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT
Pulmonary Disease - ANSWER - - S/S = dyspnea (orthopnea/paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea), cough, hemoptysis, abnormal breathing patterns, hypo/hyper ventilation,
cyanosis, clubbing, pain
Dysnpea - ANSWER - breathing discomfort with an attempt to increase respiratory
effort
- Three Severe Signs of Dyspnea:
1. Flaring of nostrils
2. Use of accessory muscles
3. Retraction of intercostal spaces
Orthopnea - ANSWER - SOB that occurs when laying flat
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea - ANSWER - severe SOB and coughing at night
Kassmaul's Respirations (Hyperpnea) - ANSWER - increased respirations with large
tidal volume and no expiratory pause (associated with respiratory acidosis)
Cheyne-Stoke's Respirations - ANSWER - periods of deep/faster breathing
(hyperventilation) followed by a gradual stop (apnea)
Labored Breathing - ANSWER - increased work of breathing
- Occurs with obstructed airways
- Stridor or wheezing
,Restricted Breathing - ANSWER - prevent lung from fully expanding with air due to
stiffen lungs/chest wall
- Tachypnea and small tidal volumes
What is the goal of ventilation? - ANSWER - - Maintain an optimal pH through
release of CO2
- Hypoventilation à hypercapnia à acidosis
- Hyperventilation à hypocapnia à alkalosis
Hypoxemia - ANSWER - decreased oxygen of arterial blood presenting as central
cyanosis
- Impairs alveolocapillary membrane diffusion
- Causes:
· Decreased inspired O2 (high altitude)
· Hypoventilation from lack of neurological stimulation (drug overdose)
· Respiratory diseases (COPD)
· Pulmonary edema & fibrosis
Hypoxia - ANSWER - decreased oxygen in cells of tissues presenting as peripheral
cyanosis
Respiratory Failure - ANSWER - inadequate gas exchange resulting in low O2/pH and
high CO2
- Causes can be direct or indirect injury
Restrictive Disorders - ANSWER - decreased lung compliance requiring more effort
to expand lungs during inspiration resulting of V/Q mismatch - hypoxemia
,Aspiration - ANSWER - food or fluid in the right lower lobe of the lungs
- Clinical Manifestations:
· Sudden onset of choking
· Coughing with/without vomiting
· Dyspnea
· Wheezing
Bronchiectasis - ANSWER - persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi associated
with bronchial inflammation
- Chronic inflammation causes destruction of bronchial walls & permanent dilation
- Airway damage leads to bronchospasms & increased purulent mucous
- Hemoptysis, clubbing of fingers and cor pulmonale occurs
Bronchiolitis - ANSWER - diffuse inflammatory obstruction of bronchioles
- Common in children
- Linked to a viral infection of upper/lower airways (adults)
- S/S = increased respirations, use of accessory muscles, fever, dry non-productive
cough
- Can lead to a hyper-inflated chest and hypoxemia
Atelectasis - ANSWER - collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) which affects gas exchange
- S/S = dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis
- Compression - external pressure on lungs from tumors, fluid, air or abdominal
distention
- Absorption - removal of air from obstructed/hypoventilation alveoli or from
inhalation of anesthetics/concentrated oxygen
- Surfactant Impairment - decreased production or inactivation of surfactant à lung
collapse
, Pulmonary Fibrosis - ANSWER - excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in
the lung
- May be due to inhalation of toxic gases or dusts & autoimmune disorders
- More common in men (over 60 years)
Stages of ARDS - ANSWER - 1. Exudative Phase - (within 72 hours) initial injury
activates inflammatory response
· Fluids, proteins & blood cells leak from capillary beds into pulmonary interstitum &
alveoli
2. Proliferative Phase - (4-21 days) resolution of pulmonary edema & proliferation of
reconstructive cells
· Granulation tissue forms hyaline membrane
· Progressive hypoxemia
3. Fibrotic Phase - (14-21 days) progressive fibrosis & tissue remodeling
· Destruction of alveoli and bronchioles
Obstructive Disorders - ANSWER - airway obstruction affecting expiration
- Present with dyspnea and wheezing
- More force/time to expire air from lungs
Asthma - ANSWER - chronic inflammatory condition resulting in bronchia
hyperresponsiveness, constriction of airways and reversible airway obstruction
- Innate & adaptive immune response triggered by IgE
- Clinical Manifestations:
· Wheezing
· Chest tightness
· Increased mucus production
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT
Pulmonary Disease - ANSWER - - S/S = dyspnea (orthopnea/paroxysmal nocturnal
dyspnea), cough, hemoptysis, abnormal breathing patterns, hypo/hyper ventilation,
cyanosis, clubbing, pain
Dysnpea - ANSWER - breathing discomfort with an attempt to increase respiratory
effort
- Three Severe Signs of Dyspnea:
1. Flaring of nostrils
2. Use of accessory muscles
3. Retraction of intercostal spaces
Orthopnea - ANSWER - SOB that occurs when laying flat
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea - ANSWER - severe SOB and coughing at night
Kassmaul's Respirations (Hyperpnea) - ANSWER - increased respirations with large
tidal volume and no expiratory pause (associated with respiratory acidosis)
Cheyne-Stoke's Respirations - ANSWER - periods of deep/faster breathing
(hyperventilation) followed by a gradual stop (apnea)
Labored Breathing - ANSWER - increased work of breathing
- Occurs with obstructed airways
- Stridor or wheezing
,Restricted Breathing - ANSWER - prevent lung from fully expanding with air due to
stiffen lungs/chest wall
- Tachypnea and small tidal volumes
What is the goal of ventilation? - ANSWER - - Maintain an optimal pH through
release of CO2
- Hypoventilation à hypercapnia à acidosis
- Hyperventilation à hypocapnia à alkalosis
Hypoxemia - ANSWER - decreased oxygen of arterial blood presenting as central
cyanosis
- Impairs alveolocapillary membrane diffusion
- Causes:
· Decreased inspired O2 (high altitude)
· Hypoventilation from lack of neurological stimulation (drug overdose)
· Respiratory diseases (COPD)
· Pulmonary edema & fibrosis
Hypoxia - ANSWER - decreased oxygen in cells of tissues presenting as peripheral
cyanosis
Respiratory Failure - ANSWER - inadequate gas exchange resulting in low O2/pH and
high CO2
- Causes can be direct or indirect injury
Restrictive Disorders - ANSWER - decreased lung compliance requiring more effort
to expand lungs during inspiration resulting of V/Q mismatch - hypoxemia
,Aspiration - ANSWER - food or fluid in the right lower lobe of the lungs
- Clinical Manifestations:
· Sudden onset of choking
· Coughing with/without vomiting
· Dyspnea
· Wheezing
Bronchiectasis - ANSWER - persistent abnormal dilation of the bronchi associated
with bronchial inflammation
- Chronic inflammation causes destruction of bronchial walls & permanent dilation
- Airway damage leads to bronchospasms & increased purulent mucous
- Hemoptysis, clubbing of fingers and cor pulmonale occurs
Bronchiolitis - ANSWER - diffuse inflammatory obstruction of bronchioles
- Common in children
- Linked to a viral infection of upper/lower airways (adults)
- S/S = increased respirations, use of accessory muscles, fever, dry non-productive
cough
- Can lead to a hyper-inflated chest and hypoxemia
Atelectasis - ANSWER - collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) which affects gas exchange
- S/S = dyspnea, cough, fever, leukocytosis
- Compression - external pressure on lungs from tumors, fluid, air or abdominal
distention
- Absorption - removal of air from obstructed/hypoventilation alveoli or from
inhalation of anesthetics/concentrated oxygen
- Surfactant Impairment - decreased production or inactivation of surfactant à lung
collapse
, Pulmonary Fibrosis - ANSWER - excessive amount of fibrous or connective tissue in
the lung
- May be due to inhalation of toxic gases or dusts & autoimmune disorders
- More common in men (over 60 years)
Stages of ARDS - ANSWER - 1. Exudative Phase - (within 72 hours) initial injury
activates inflammatory response
· Fluids, proteins & blood cells leak from capillary beds into pulmonary interstitum &
alveoli
2. Proliferative Phase - (4-21 days) resolution of pulmonary edema & proliferation of
reconstructive cells
· Granulation tissue forms hyaline membrane
· Progressive hypoxemia
3. Fibrotic Phase - (14-21 days) progressive fibrosis & tissue remodeling
· Destruction of alveoli and bronchioles
Obstructive Disorders - ANSWER - airway obstruction affecting expiration
- Present with dyspnea and wheezing
- More force/time to expire air from lungs
Asthma - ANSWER - chronic inflammatory condition resulting in bronchia
hyperresponsiveness, constriction of airways and reversible airway obstruction
- Innate & adaptive immune response triggered by IgE
- Clinical Manifestations:
· Wheezing
· Chest tightness
· Increased mucus production
