NUR 380 FUNDAMENTALS EXAMINATION SCRIPT 2025/2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Trial and error - ✔✔When a number of approaches are performed until a solution is
discovered
** often done in home setting due to logistics, equipment, and client lifestyle
ex: Teaching a client to perform a colonoscopy irrigation, a bent coat hanger hung on
the shower curtain rod provides an appropriate height to perform irrigation.
✔✔Intuition - ✔✔Relies on the nurse's inner sense. It is the understanding or learning of
things without conscious use of reasoning
Known as "sixth sense"
Controversial, but many consider intuition as an essential and legitimate aspect of
clinical judgement acquired through knowledge and experience. Not recommended for
novices or students due to lack of experience
✔✔Research Process - ✔✔a general sequence of steps that can be followed when
designing and conducting research
✔✔Nine attitudes that foster critical thinking - ✔✔1. independence
2. fair-mindedness
3. insight
4. intellectual humility
5. intellectual courage
6. integrity
7. perseverance
8. confidence
9. curiosity
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Independence - ✔✔Consider seriously a wide range of ideas (other than their own),
learn from them, and then make their own judgements about them.
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Fair Mindedness - ✔✔Assessing all viewpoints with the same standards and do not
base their judgements on personal or group bias or prejudice. This helps one to
consider opposing views and try to understand them fully before rejecting or accepting
them.
** Should be open to new evidence changing their minds
, ✔✔Insight into Egocentricity - ✔✔Being open to the possibility that personal biases or
social pressures or customs could negatively affect quality of client care.
Failing to reflect on personal biases can reach inappropriate conclusions of the client
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Intellectual Humility - ✔✔Being aware of one's own knowledge. Entails being willing to
admit what they do not know, willing to seek new info and rethink their conclusions in
light of new knowledge
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Intellectual Courage - ✔✔Challenging the Status Quo and Rituals
Involves recognizing that beliefs are sometimes false or misleading and not always
acquired rationally (rational beliefs are those supported by solid reasons/data).
ex: Many nurses previously believed that allowing family members to observe
emergency procedures would result in psychological harm to the family members along
with them being in the way of nurses/doctors. Other nurses believed that exclusion of
family members was unnecessary and stressful. Research demonstrated that family
presence can be accomplished without detrimental effects to the nurse, client or the
family.
*This is classic example of how research guides nursing practice over traditions.
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Integrity - ✔✔Applying the same standards of proof to your own knowledge as you
apply to the knowledge of others
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Perseverance - ✔✔Involves finding effective solutions to client and nursing problems
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Confidence - ✔✔Believe that well-reasoning thinking will lead to trustworthy conclusions
Comes with experience
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Curiosity - ✔✔A curious nurse is not afraid to examine traditions to be sure they are still
valid
✔✔Components of Clinical Reasoning (2) - ✔✔1. Cognitive processes
2. Metacognitive processes
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Trial and error - ✔✔When a number of approaches are performed until a solution is
discovered
** often done in home setting due to logistics, equipment, and client lifestyle
ex: Teaching a client to perform a colonoscopy irrigation, a bent coat hanger hung on
the shower curtain rod provides an appropriate height to perform irrigation.
✔✔Intuition - ✔✔Relies on the nurse's inner sense. It is the understanding or learning of
things without conscious use of reasoning
Known as "sixth sense"
Controversial, but many consider intuition as an essential and legitimate aspect of
clinical judgement acquired through knowledge and experience. Not recommended for
novices or students due to lack of experience
✔✔Research Process - ✔✔a general sequence of steps that can be followed when
designing and conducting research
✔✔Nine attitudes that foster critical thinking - ✔✔1. independence
2. fair-mindedness
3. insight
4. intellectual humility
5. intellectual courage
6. integrity
7. perseverance
8. confidence
9. curiosity
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Independence - ✔✔Consider seriously a wide range of ideas (other than their own),
learn from them, and then make their own judgements about them.
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Fair Mindedness - ✔✔Assessing all viewpoints with the same standards and do not
base their judgements on personal or group bias or prejudice. This helps one to
consider opposing views and try to understand them fully before rejecting or accepting
them.
** Should be open to new evidence changing their minds
, ✔✔Insight into Egocentricity - ✔✔Being open to the possibility that personal biases or
social pressures or customs could negatively affect quality of client care.
Failing to reflect on personal biases can reach inappropriate conclusions of the client
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Intellectual Humility - ✔✔Being aware of one's own knowledge. Entails being willing to
admit what they do not know, willing to seek new info and rethink their conclusions in
light of new knowledge
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Intellectual Courage - ✔✔Challenging the Status Quo and Rituals
Involves recognizing that beliefs are sometimes false or misleading and not always
acquired rationally (rational beliefs are those supported by solid reasons/data).
ex: Many nurses previously believed that allowing family members to observe
emergency procedures would result in psychological harm to the family members along
with them being in the way of nurses/doctors. Other nurses believed that exclusion of
family members was unnecessary and stressful. Research demonstrated that family
presence can be accomplished without detrimental effects to the nurse, client or the
family.
*This is classic example of how research guides nursing practice over traditions.
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Integrity - ✔✔Applying the same standards of proof to your own knowledge as you
apply to the knowledge of others
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Perseverance - ✔✔Involves finding effective solutions to client and nursing problems
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Confidence - ✔✔Believe that well-reasoning thinking will lead to trustworthy conclusions
Comes with experience
✔✔Critical Thinking Attitude:
Curiosity - ✔✔A curious nurse is not afraid to examine traditions to be sure they are still
valid
✔✔Components of Clinical Reasoning (2) - ✔✔1. Cognitive processes
2. Metacognitive processes
