PNB 2274 Exam 1 Complete set with
Questions and simplified correct
Answers
Anatomy and Physiology - correct answer- ✅study of structure and function
The Anatomic Position - correct answer- ✅standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head
level and looking forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward
Relative Orientation - correct answer- ✅allows us to describe the relative position of one body
structure in relation to another
Inferior/Superior - correct answer- ✅low/high
Rostral/Caudal - correct answer- ✅towards head/towards tail
Anterior/Posterior - correct answer- ✅front/back
Medial/Lateral - correct answer- ✅towards middle/away from midline
Proximal/Distal - correct answer- ✅near/far
3 Anatomic Planes - correct answer- ✅1. Coronal: divides the body into anterior and posterior
(front and back)
2. Transverse: divides the body into inferior and superior (upper and lower)
3. Midsagittal: divides the body into equal left and right halves
Homeostasis - correct answer- ✅the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal
environment though the external environment changes continuously, maintained to ensure
survival and proper biological functioning of the cell constituents
Homeostatic Control Systems - correct answer- ✅mechanisms that monitor the internal
environment and correct as needed
Local Control - correct answer- ✅isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges
and acts locally
Reflex Control - correct answer- ✅long distance signaling, typically involving endocrine or
neural responses
Response Loop - correct answer- ✅Stimulus: change in environment
Sensor: receptor
Input: afferent neuron
Controller: integrating center
Output: hormone/neuron
Target
Response: change corrected
Integrator - correct answer- ✅possess a set point within a normal range, looks for error signals
and responds to the error by controlling the target effector
Feedback - correct answer- ✅some part of the output system is returned to its input in order to
regulate its further output
Negative Feedback Loops - correct answer- ✅-occurs when the system cuts to oppose
changes to the input of the system
, -shut off original input
-help maintain homeostasis
-prevent sudden, severe changes within the body
-counteract bodily disruption
-most common
Positive Feedback Loops - correct answer- ✅-occurs when the output of a system acts to
increase changes to the input of the system
-require outside factors to shut down the system
-not homeostatic --> response amplifies stimulus, sends organisms further from setpoint
-lactation, birth
Plasma Membrane - correct answer- ✅phospholipid bilayer, allows exchange and
communication in a regulated manner
-functions: physical barrier gateway for exchange, communication, site of attachment to other
cells, extracellular protein and intracellular proteins
Membrane Transport - correct answer- ✅movement of ions or other molecules across a cell
membrane
Transported Species - correct answer- ✅water, gases, ions, sugar, proteins, RNA, hormones
Types of Transport - correct answer- ✅simple diffusion, channel mediated, carrier mediated,
active
Transcellular - correct answer- ✅through cells
Paracellular - correct answer- ✅between cells
2 Types of Transport - correct answer- ✅1. Passive transport: does not require energy from the
cell, materials move spontaneously from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration
2. Active transport: requires energy input, materials are actively moved from a region of high
concentration to a region of lower concentration, movement against a concentration gradient
Passive Transport - correct answer- ✅characteristics: all involve diffusion, all permit
transmembrane flow, none require energy from the cell
types: simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, bulk filtration
Simple Diffusion - correct answer- ✅the random motion of molecules in a solution, results in
the spread of molecules from an area of high concentration to those of low concentration
-passive and random process
-net movement until concentration is uniformly equal
-rapid over short distances
-directly related to temp and inversely related to molecular size and fluid viscosity
Fick's Law of Diffusion - correct answer- ✅Jnet = -Ds (dCs/dx)
Jnet=overall flux
Ds=diffusion coefficient
dCs/dx=solute concentration gradient
Einstein - correct answer- ✅d 1-D = sqrt. 2DT
Questions and simplified correct
Answers
Anatomy and Physiology - correct answer- ✅study of structure and function
The Anatomic Position - correct answer- ✅standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head
level and looking forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward
Relative Orientation - correct answer- ✅allows us to describe the relative position of one body
structure in relation to another
Inferior/Superior - correct answer- ✅low/high
Rostral/Caudal - correct answer- ✅towards head/towards tail
Anterior/Posterior - correct answer- ✅front/back
Medial/Lateral - correct answer- ✅towards middle/away from midline
Proximal/Distal - correct answer- ✅near/far
3 Anatomic Planes - correct answer- ✅1. Coronal: divides the body into anterior and posterior
(front and back)
2. Transverse: divides the body into inferior and superior (upper and lower)
3. Midsagittal: divides the body into equal left and right halves
Homeostasis - correct answer- ✅the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal
environment though the external environment changes continuously, maintained to ensure
survival and proper biological functioning of the cell constituents
Homeostatic Control Systems - correct answer- ✅mechanisms that monitor the internal
environment and correct as needed
Local Control - correct answer- ✅isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges
and acts locally
Reflex Control - correct answer- ✅long distance signaling, typically involving endocrine or
neural responses
Response Loop - correct answer- ✅Stimulus: change in environment
Sensor: receptor
Input: afferent neuron
Controller: integrating center
Output: hormone/neuron
Target
Response: change corrected
Integrator - correct answer- ✅possess a set point within a normal range, looks for error signals
and responds to the error by controlling the target effector
Feedback - correct answer- ✅some part of the output system is returned to its input in order to
regulate its further output
Negative Feedback Loops - correct answer- ✅-occurs when the system cuts to oppose
changes to the input of the system
, -shut off original input
-help maintain homeostasis
-prevent sudden, severe changes within the body
-counteract bodily disruption
-most common
Positive Feedback Loops - correct answer- ✅-occurs when the output of a system acts to
increase changes to the input of the system
-require outside factors to shut down the system
-not homeostatic --> response amplifies stimulus, sends organisms further from setpoint
-lactation, birth
Plasma Membrane - correct answer- ✅phospholipid bilayer, allows exchange and
communication in a regulated manner
-functions: physical barrier gateway for exchange, communication, site of attachment to other
cells, extracellular protein and intracellular proteins
Membrane Transport - correct answer- ✅movement of ions or other molecules across a cell
membrane
Transported Species - correct answer- ✅water, gases, ions, sugar, proteins, RNA, hormones
Types of Transport - correct answer- ✅simple diffusion, channel mediated, carrier mediated,
active
Transcellular - correct answer- ✅through cells
Paracellular - correct answer- ✅between cells
2 Types of Transport - correct answer- ✅1. Passive transport: does not require energy from the
cell, materials move spontaneously from a region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration
2. Active transport: requires energy input, materials are actively moved from a region of high
concentration to a region of lower concentration, movement against a concentration gradient
Passive Transport - correct answer- ✅characteristics: all involve diffusion, all permit
transmembrane flow, none require energy from the cell
types: simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, bulk filtration
Simple Diffusion - correct answer- ✅the random motion of molecules in a solution, results in
the spread of molecules from an area of high concentration to those of low concentration
-passive and random process
-net movement until concentration is uniformly equal
-rapid over short distances
-directly related to temp and inversely related to molecular size and fluid viscosity
Fick's Law of Diffusion - correct answer- ✅Jnet = -Ds (dCs/dx)
Jnet=overall flux
Ds=diffusion coefficient
dCs/dx=solute concentration gradient
Einstein - correct answer- ✅d 1-D = sqrt. 2DT
