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NBME PATHOLOGY EXAM NEWEST EXAM |
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY
GRADED A+ | LATEST VERSION | VERIFIED ANSWERS
| JUST RELEASED
A cellular adaptation characterized by increased gene activation leading to
increased numbers of structural proteins and organelles. - (answers)Hypertrophy
A cellular adaptation characterized by proliferation of stem cells leading to an
increased total number of cells. - (answers)Hyperplasia
A cellular adaptation characterized by a decrease in tissue mass due to decrease
size and/or number of cells. - (answers)Atrophy
Describe the cellular process of muscle atrophy? - (answers)Initially due to
decreased protein synthesis and loss of fibrills/cell mass.
Later stages there is apoptosis
A cellular adaptation characterized by replacement of one cell type with another
in response to stress. Reversible if stressor is removed. - (answers)Metaplasia
A cellular adaptation characterized by disordered cell growth with high malignant
potential. Reversible if stressor is removed. - (answers)Dysplasia
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What are the hallmarks of reversible cell injury? - (answers)Na/K ATPase
dysfunction
Membrane Blebbing
Chromatin Clumping
Decreased Protein synthesis (ribosome detachment)
What are the hallmarks of irreversible cell injury? - (answers)Membrane
Damage/Rupture
Rupture of Lysosomes
Leak of cytosolic enzymes into serum
Mitochondrial permeability (cytochrome C release and apoptosis)
Pyknosis-> Karyorrhexis -> Karyolysis
What is pyknosis? - (answers)Nucleus turns into blobs
"pick blobs"
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What is karyorrhexis? - (answers)nuclear fragmentation
What is Karyolysis? - (answers)dissolution of nucleus (sign of necrosis)
What is necrosis? - (answers)Disorganized cell death
This type of necrosis features cell shape and organ structure preservation due to
coagulation of proteins - (answers)Coagulative necrosis
Where is coagulative necrosis seen? - (answers)Wedge shaped infarcts of solid
organs
NOT the Brain or Pancreas
This type of necrosis features enzymatic lysis of cells and proteins due to release
of neutrophil enzymes - (answers)Liquefactive
When is liquefactive necrosis seen? - (answers)Brain infarcts
Abscesses
Pancreatitis
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This type of necrosis is characterized by a coagulative necrosis that resembles
tissue mummification (dry form), commonly involving the lower extremities and
GI tract.
Superimposed Liquefactive necrosis leads to the "wet" form. -
(answers)Gangrenous
This type of necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis that
results in a "cottage cheese" like appearance of the affected tissue. -
(answers)Caseous Necrosis
When is Caseous Necrosis seen? - (answers)Most characteristic of granulomatous
inflammation in the lungs due to TB or fungal infection
This form of necrosis leads to the chalky white appearance of adipose tissue due
to the deposition of calcium in saponified fat. - (answers)Fat necrosis
When is fat necrosis seen? - (answers)Trauma to the breast and Acute
Pancreatitis
This form of necrosis is characterized by leakage of protein into blood vessel
walls. - (answers)Fibrinoid
When is fibrinoid necrosis seen? - (answers)1. Malignant HTN
2. Vasculitis
NBME PATHOLOGY EXAM NEWEST EXAM |
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS | ALREADY
GRADED A+ | LATEST VERSION | VERIFIED ANSWERS
| JUST RELEASED
A cellular adaptation characterized by increased gene activation leading to
increased numbers of structural proteins and organelles. - (answers)Hypertrophy
A cellular adaptation characterized by proliferation of stem cells leading to an
increased total number of cells. - (answers)Hyperplasia
A cellular adaptation characterized by a decrease in tissue mass due to decrease
size and/or number of cells. - (answers)Atrophy
Describe the cellular process of muscle atrophy? - (answers)Initially due to
decreased protein synthesis and loss of fibrills/cell mass.
Later stages there is apoptosis
A cellular adaptation characterized by replacement of one cell type with another
in response to stress. Reversible if stressor is removed. - (answers)Metaplasia
A cellular adaptation characterized by disordered cell growth with high malignant
potential. Reversible if stressor is removed. - (answers)Dysplasia
,2|Page
What are the hallmarks of reversible cell injury? - (answers)Na/K ATPase
dysfunction
Membrane Blebbing
Chromatin Clumping
Decreased Protein synthesis (ribosome detachment)
What are the hallmarks of irreversible cell injury? - (answers)Membrane
Damage/Rupture
Rupture of Lysosomes
Leak of cytosolic enzymes into serum
Mitochondrial permeability (cytochrome C release and apoptosis)
Pyknosis-> Karyorrhexis -> Karyolysis
What is pyknosis? - (answers)Nucleus turns into blobs
"pick blobs"
,3|Page
What is karyorrhexis? - (answers)nuclear fragmentation
What is Karyolysis? - (answers)dissolution of nucleus (sign of necrosis)
What is necrosis? - (answers)Disorganized cell death
This type of necrosis features cell shape and organ structure preservation due to
coagulation of proteins - (answers)Coagulative necrosis
Where is coagulative necrosis seen? - (answers)Wedge shaped infarcts of solid
organs
NOT the Brain or Pancreas
This type of necrosis features enzymatic lysis of cells and proteins due to release
of neutrophil enzymes - (answers)Liquefactive
When is liquefactive necrosis seen? - (answers)Brain infarcts
Abscesses
Pancreatitis
, 4|Page
This type of necrosis is characterized by a coagulative necrosis that resembles
tissue mummification (dry form), commonly involving the lower extremities and
GI tract.
Superimposed Liquefactive necrosis leads to the "wet" form. -
(answers)Gangrenous
This type of necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis that
results in a "cottage cheese" like appearance of the affected tissue. -
(answers)Caseous Necrosis
When is Caseous Necrosis seen? - (answers)Most characteristic of granulomatous
inflammation in the lungs due to TB or fungal infection
This form of necrosis leads to the chalky white appearance of adipose tissue due
to the deposition of calcium in saponified fat. - (answers)Fat necrosis
When is fat necrosis seen? - (answers)Trauma to the breast and Acute
Pancreatitis
This form of necrosis is characterized by leakage of protein into blood vessel
walls. - (answers)Fibrinoid
When is fibrinoid necrosis seen? - (answers)1. Malignant HTN
2. Vasculitis
