NSG 120
Nursing Pathophysiology
Final Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of acute
kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients?
a) Dehydration
b) Nephrotoxic drugs
c) Sepsis
d) Urinary tract obstruction
ANS: c) Sepsis
Rationale: Sepsis is a leading cause of AKI due to systemic
inflammation and impaired renal perfusion.
©2025
,2. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism
underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Alveolar overdistension
b) Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
c) Chronic inflammation and airway remodeling
d) Pulmonary embolism
ANS: c) Chronic inflammation and airway remodeling
Rationale: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation
leading to structural changes and narrowing of the airways.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated
with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
a) Hypocalcemia
b) Hyperkalemia
c) Hyponatremia
d) Hypomagnesemia
ANS: b) Hyperkalemia
Rationale: In DKA, acidosis leads to a shift of potassium out
of cells, resulting in hyperkalemia.
©2025
, 4. Which pathophysiological process is responsible for the
formation of atherosclerotic plaques?
a) Acute inflammation
b) Chronic infection
c) Lipid accumulation and endothelial injury
d) Autoimmune response
ANS: c) Lipid accumulation and endothelial injury
Rationale: Atherosclerosis is driven by lipid accumulation in
the arterial walls and subsequent endothelial damage.
5. What is the underlying cause of the characteristic tremors in
Parkinson's disease?
a) Deficiency of acetylcholine
b) Excessive production of dopamine
c) Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia
nigra
d) Increased levels of serotonin
ANS: c) Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the
substantia nigra
Rationale: Parkinson's disease is caused by the loss of
dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra.
©2025
Nursing Pathophysiology
Final Exam Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following is the most common cause of acute
kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients?
a) Dehydration
b) Nephrotoxic drugs
c) Sepsis
d) Urinary tract obstruction
ANS: c) Sepsis
Rationale: Sepsis is a leading cause of AKI due to systemic
inflammation and impaired renal perfusion.
©2025
,2. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism
underlying chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Alveolar overdistension
b) Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
c) Chronic inflammation and airway remodeling
d) Pulmonary embolism
ANS: c) Chronic inflammation and airway remodeling
Rationale: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation
leading to structural changes and narrowing of the airways.
3. Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated
with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
a) Hypocalcemia
b) Hyperkalemia
c) Hyponatremia
d) Hypomagnesemia
ANS: b) Hyperkalemia
Rationale: In DKA, acidosis leads to a shift of potassium out
of cells, resulting in hyperkalemia.
©2025
, 4. Which pathophysiological process is responsible for the
formation of atherosclerotic plaques?
a) Acute inflammation
b) Chronic infection
c) Lipid accumulation and endothelial injury
d) Autoimmune response
ANS: c) Lipid accumulation and endothelial injury
Rationale: Atherosclerosis is driven by lipid accumulation in
the arterial walls and subsequent endothelial damage.
5. What is the underlying cause of the characteristic tremors in
Parkinson's disease?
a) Deficiency of acetylcholine
b) Excessive production of dopamine
c) Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia
nigra
d) Increased levels of serotonin
ANS: c) Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the
substantia nigra
Rationale: Parkinson's disease is caused by the loss of
dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra.
©2025
