C11 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+2025/2026
✔✔12 - MC - Which term represents an individualâ s visible characteristics, including,
but not limited to, age, body size, visible disabilities, race, or sex? - ✔✔Surface-level
diversity
✔✔12 - MC - The ______ is characterized by a commitment to equal opportunities in
hiring and promotions, and does not directly link a work groupâ s productivity or success
with diversity. - ✔✔discrimination-and-fairness perspective
✔✔12 - MC - Which act prohibits any discrimination as it relates to pregnancy, including
hiring, firing, compensation, training, job assignment, insurance, or any other
employment conditions? - ✔✔PDA
✔✔12 - MC - Which of these term is often used to reflect ways in which organizations
show appreciation for diversity among job applicants, employees, and customers? -
✔✔Valuing diversity
✔✔13 - SA - Blake and Mouton's work with the Leadership Grid® identified several
leadership types. What are they, and how does this leadership model look from the
perspective of situation theories of leadership? - ✔✔ONLY ANSWERED PART OF THE
QUESTION
The leadership types are Sound, Accommodating, Status Quo, Indifferent, and
Controlling.
✔✔13 - SA - Both the Ohio State University and University of Michigan leadership
studies identified central leader behaviors. What are these behaviors, and how are they
different from one another? - ✔✔ONLY ANSWERED PART OF THE QUESTION
The Ohio State studies showed consideration and initiating structure behaviors. These
are described as relationship and task-oriented behaviors.
The Michigan studies showed job centered and organizational member-centered
leadership behaviors.
✔✔13 - TF - Focus of attention has been defined as an employeeâ s cognitive
orientation while she or he is at work. - ✔✔True
✔✔13 - TF - When organizations face a turbulent environment, intense competition, and
products that may die early they need a transactional leader. - ✔✔False
✔✔13 - TF - It is safe to conclude that overall leader effectiveness will be higher when
people follow because of intrinsic processes. - ✔✔True
, ✔✔13 - TF - Supportive leadership is an important dimension of leader behavior for the
path-goal model of leadership. - ✔✔True
✔✔13 - TF - Salancik and Pfeffer suggest that power and thus leadership flows to those
individuals who have the ability to help an organization overcome its critical
contingencies. - ✔✔True
✔✔13 - MC - An essential ingredient for effective leadership is the exercise of: -
✔✔power
✔✔Which of the following is NOT one of the traits identified by Locke as a precondition
that endows people with leadership potential? - ✔✔willingness to tolerate frustration
✔✔13 - MC - According to the path-goal leadership model, when a task is seen as
boring, stressful, or unpleasant, the most appropriate dimension of leader behavior is: -
✔✔supportive leadership
✔✔13 - MC - When people surrender their power to define reality for themselves to
individuals whom they believe are capable of making meaningful contribution to those
needs, they have surrendered their power because of: - ✔✔idiosyncrasy credits
✔✔13 - MC - A leader who operates from a base of power where others want to
associate with or be accepted by him or her is called: - ✔✔referent power
✔✔14 - SA - Describe a work situation in which it would be appropriate to use a
continuous reinforcement schedule. - ✔✔It would be appropriate to use a continuous
reinforcement schedule when new workers are being trained in their jobs or new work
duties. For example, at the radio station I work at, I used to always have someone over
my shoulder telling me if I was doing something right or wrong every time I went live on
air. This was good because it helped me learn the right and wrong ways to do things.
But now that I know how to run the show, I usually work alone and don't get any
feedback.
✔✔14 - SA - Discuss the importance of Herzberg's motivators and hygienes. -
✔✔Motivators fulfill intrinsic needs such as a sense of achievement, growth, and self-
actualization. These factors are described as satisfiers because when they are met,
people feel a sense of satisfaction. Hygienes fulfill extrinsic needs that are human
necessities to avoid pain. They are described as dissatisfiers because they rarely give
people a feeling of satisfaction, but are often linked to making people feel dissatisfied.
The theory states that hygiene factors such as safety, pay, and cleanliness should be
provided first, but should not be used to motivate workers. Managers should use
intrinsic motivators to get the most out of their workers. The theory is so important
because managers need to know how to motivate their workers to be the most
productive.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+2025/2026
✔✔12 - MC - Which term represents an individualâ s visible characteristics, including,
but not limited to, age, body size, visible disabilities, race, or sex? - ✔✔Surface-level
diversity
✔✔12 - MC - The ______ is characterized by a commitment to equal opportunities in
hiring and promotions, and does not directly link a work groupâ s productivity or success
with diversity. - ✔✔discrimination-and-fairness perspective
✔✔12 - MC - Which act prohibits any discrimination as it relates to pregnancy, including
hiring, firing, compensation, training, job assignment, insurance, or any other
employment conditions? - ✔✔PDA
✔✔12 - MC - Which of these term is often used to reflect ways in which organizations
show appreciation for diversity among job applicants, employees, and customers? -
✔✔Valuing diversity
✔✔13 - SA - Blake and Mouton's work with the Leadership Grid® identified several
leadership types. What are they, and how does this leadership model look from the
perspective of situation theories of leadership? - ✔✔ONLY ANSWERED PART OF THE
QUESTION
The leadership types are Sound, Accommodating, Status Quo, Indifferent, and
Controlling.
✔✔13 - SA - Both the Ohio State University and University of Michigan leadership
studies identified central leader behaviors. What are these behaviors, and how are they
different from one another? - ✔✔ONLY ANSWERED PART OF THE QUESTION
The Ohio State studies showed consideration and initiating structure behaviors. These
are described as relationship and task-oriented behaviors.
The Michigan studies showed job centered and organizational member-centered
leadership behaviors.
✔✔13 - TF - Focus of attention has been defined as an employeeâ s cognitive
orientation while she or he is at work. - ✔✔True
✔✔13 - TF - When organizations face a turbulent environment, intense competition, and
products that may die early they need a transactional leader. - ✔✔False
✔✔13 - TF - It is safe to conclude that overall leader effectiveness will be higher when
people follow because of intrinsic processes. - ✔✔True
, ✔✔13 - TF - Supportive leadership is an important dimension of leader behavior for the
path-goal model of leadership. - ✔✔True
✔✔13 - TF - Salancik and Pfeffer suggest that power and thus leadership flows to those
individuals who have the ability to help an organization overcome its critical
contingencies. - ✔✔True
✔✔13 - MC - An essential ingredient for effective leadership is the exercise of: -
✔✔power
✔✔Which of the following is NOT one of the traits identified by Locke as a precondition
that endows people with leadership potential? - ✔✔willingness to tolerate frustration
✔✔13 - MC - According to the path-goal leadership model, when a task is seen as
boring, stressful, or unpleasant, the most appropriate dimension of leader behavior is: -
✔✔supportive leadership
✔✔13 - MC - When people surrender their power to define reality for themselves to
individuals whom they believe are capable of making meaningful contribution to those
needs, they have surrendered their power because of: - ✔✔idiosyncrasy credits
✔✔13 - MC - A leader who operates from a base of power where others want to
associate with or be accepted by him or her is called: - ✔✔referent power
✔✔14 - SA - Describe a work situation in which it would be appropriate to use a
continuous reinforcement schedule. - ✔✔It would be appropriate to use a continuous
reinforcement schedule when new workers are being trained in their jobs or new work
duties. For example, at the radio station I work at, I used to always have someone over
my shoulder telling me if I was doing something right or wrong every time I went live on
air. This was good because it helped me learn the right and wrong ways to do things.
But now that I know how to run the show, I usually work alone and don't get any
feedback.
✔✔14 - SA - Discuss the importance of Herzberg's motivators and hygienes. -
✔✔Motivators fulfill intrinsic needs such as a sense of achievement, growth, and self-
actualization. These factors are described as satisfiers because when they are met,
people feel a sense of satisfaction. Hygienes fulfill extrinsic needs that are human
necessities to avoid pain. They are described as dissatisfiers because they rarely give
people a feeling of satisfaction, but are often linked to making people feel dissatisfied.
The theory states that hygiene factors such as safety, pay, and cleanliness should be
provided first, but should not be used to motivate workers. Managers should use
intrinsic motivators to get the most out of their workers. The theory is so important
because managers need to know how to motivate their workers to be the most
productive.
