HIST 240 Midterm Exam | Questions with 100% Correct Answers

HIST 240 Midterm Exam | Questions with 100% Correct Answers Most American scientists accept the theory that humans migrated to North America following large mammals across the Bering Strait. Most American Indian Peoples believe: They traveled from the South or believe the earth was prepared for them by the gods and that humans did not migrate but were created there. Some believe from the east. Before European settlement, California Indians Spoke about _______ different languages and numbered about ________ 100 different languages and numbered about 300,000 Anthropologists generally classify the earliest California inhabitants into six groups based on their Common root language Acorns were an important food source for most California Indians with one significant problem: They could only be gathered a few weeks each year. They also must be leached of their bitter tannic acids to make them edible. California Indians used fire to manage their environment for several reasons, to control brush and tree growth. to create a layer of ash that nourished the seed-bearing grasses, and to drive game into traps. What statement best describes the Indian concept of land? They believed land was given to them by the gods and ancestors. Lands was for the family to share, and a life-support because of it's food. Why did California Indians not develop maize agriculture? No need to develop farming since lush flora and fauna were available to those living near the coast. In the south, scant rainfall made agriculture without irrigation problematic. The word referring to people of a "third sex," believed to have spiritual powers is Berdache, homosexual On what occasions (or at what times) were singing and chanting an essential element in Indian culture When the boy becomes a man; girl a woman. Marriage. Funeral. Usually at sunrise or night fall. Singing at leisure times. Tribes that traced descent through the male lineage are called Gabrielino What animal appears in many of the California Indian tribal storytelling traditions? Coyote How long did it take for Spain to create an effective governing system in New Spain? 50 years What is the probably origin of the name California? Derives from a European adventure novel publish in 1500 by the Spaniard Garcia Ordonez de Mantalvo, Las Sergas de Explandian. Queen Calafia's native island, California. What prompted Spain to establish permanent settlements in Alta California? International rivalries of the European powers. Desire by the Spanish Catholic church to expand their missionizing endeavors as far north as possible. What was the first permanent Spanish settlement in Alta California? San Diego In the northern frontier regions of New Spain, the Spanish caste system was used to exclude Non-Iberians from higher political and economic posts and to create a stratified society along racial and economic lines. The missions were to convert natives to Christianity as well as to Hispanicize them, instructing them into rudiments of the Spanish language and culture Were the missions supposed to be permanent institutions? No, they were to disband and the Indians were to form new towns How do historians explain the reasons for Indian arrival at the missions and their conversion? Spanish priests offered food and goods that the native people found valuable. Indian communities were pressured to seek relative security of mission food stores. The relationship between the soldiers in the presidios and the mission priests can be characterized The priests often complained of the corrupting influence of Spanish ways The majority of California natives during the mission period died from diseases, std's Indian uprisings against the Spanish period were caused by Strict discipline, destruction of indigenous food sources, strict regulation, humiliation, punishment for minor offenses, and rapes of woman by soldiers What was the least common form of Indian resistance to Spanish Colonization? Graffiti, running away, abortion, and secret retention of traditional customs What term refers to an Indian convert to Christianity? Neophyte The word for a Spanish Military settlement is a Presidio The pueblos were initially Civil towns primarily as agricultural centers to provide food for their presidios What role did Indian workers play in Spanish colonial California? Established it's agriculture and did a lot of the hard labor Where were the majority of land grants? Coastal areas, along the coast Governor Echeandia's 1826 decree of partial emancipation began to implement the secularization of mission lands by allowing Indians to do what? Leave the missions and form independent towns The rivalry between northern and southern California involved what? Each side competed for the location of the customs house and territorial government How did secularization affect the Indian neophytes? Most left the mission lands and returned to their former lives. Some were left homeless and started to work as servants and laborers. What explains the rise of the ranchos in Mexican California? Free land for the taking. Political decisions made in Mexico. Cattle raising. Not bounded by rules. Who was the last governor of California during the Mexican Period? Pio de Jesus Pico Describe the status and skills of Indian Vaqueros? Servants and laborers. Like a cowboy. Sorted out vast herds of cattle, branding newborn calves, castrating bulls. Paid in food, clothing and shelter The main byproduct of the trade in "California dollars" that helped sustain the local poor was Cow hide What environmental impact did the introduction of live stock have on the California ecosystem? Overgrazing. Drove 48 animals/ plants to extinction. Creation of trails. While women in Mexican California had some social and economic rights, a woman's status was largely determined through what ability Reproductive capacities. Child bearing skills Mexico was losing its ability to defend its northern territories because of the lack of northward migration that resulted from what factors. Men couldn't leave their families. Not enough resources. What are the Donner Party most remembered by? Cannibalism Describe the foreign population in California on the eve of the U.S.-Mexican war in 1846 Most were Mexican immigrants without approval. Americans, and Europeans. They didn't speak Spanish and rejected Catholic faith Perhaps the most important reason for the breakout of war between the United States and Mexico was Boundary between Texas and Mexico. Mexico rejected America's offer of 40 Million What action most directly resulted in the war between the US and Mexico Mexican government did not accept the Rio Grande as the southern boundary of Texas. Mexican troops attacked Zachary Taylor's troops on what they believed was thier own country's sol. What role did California Indians play in the US Mexican war? Some Indians increased their raids on Ranchos. In early months of the war California Indians joined the Americans. Some stayed loyal to the Mexican cause What brought the end of the Us-Mexican war? U.S. army occupied Mexico City. Pressed by European creditors, lacking money to pay their troops, wracked by internal rebellion, and facing occupation of their own cities. The ratified Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo included all of the following except New boundary between the two nations. Property and citizen rights of Mexicans in the newly conquered territories. Promised to protect the rights of absentee Mexican landholders and to give U.S. citizenship to all Mexicans. They ended up omitting "all grants of lands made by the Mexican government would be theirs" Why did John Sutter want the discovery of gold on his land to be a secret? To not disrupt his plans for construction and farming. Wanted to gain a legitimate title to as much land near the discovery site as possible. So he could cash in on all the gold. The majority of mining towns and camps during the Gold rush were located North east of San Francisco bay along the American River The most experienced group of miner in the early rush to the fields consisted of Sonoran Miners Argonauts is a reference to the miners who came from Europe. Scotland, France, Ireland, Germany, and Britain Most Chinese men who came to California paid for their travel by Indenturing themselves to Chinese companies that, in turn, sold their labor to Chinese mining operations with no pay The term Gold Mountain refers to California The most significant change in the methods used for acquiring gold in the 1850s was from Panning to Sluices to Hydraulic Mining The rules and authority that developed in mining camps in response to the absence of formal authority included Vigilance, electing someone to arbitrate their difference, alcalde blatant discrimination against foreigners, Californios, or Indians. Banishment, flogging, branding, or mutilation. Describe the status/ work of women in Gold Rush society? Since there were so little woman they could make a lot of money from prostitution. They also worked in Saloons. Worked for high wages. Some lived with miners to avoid violence and insecurity. What explains the rather liberal divorce laws that California passed in the mid-nineteenth century? The scarcity of woman The main purpose of the Foreign Miner's tax law and its amendments of the 1850s was to keep foreigners from mining and claiming the gold. How can the relationship between Indians and the American miners best be described? Deadly. Indian Deaths without a cause What impact did the Gold Rush have? Developed the west, blended cultures and brought fortune to many. Helped shape the economy and the future of the state. Forests were devasted, rivers polluted, and mountains leveled. Mixed effect on Morality. What were the provisions of the Compromise of 1850?