2025 BIO Exam Elaborations
Which of these ISN'T true of the nucleus
A. Its membrane is continuous with the ER membrane.
B. Introns are removed from mRNA in the nucleus
C. Phospholipids are produced in the nucleus.
D. The nucleus contains the genome of the cell.
E. Only eukaryotes have a nucleus C
Which is true?
I. Eukaryotes don't have cell walls
II. Cell walls are generally fairly rigid
III. Membranes are composed of a mixture of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
IV. Cell walls are largely composed of linked carbohydrates
V. All cells have membranes II-V
BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA PROKARYOTES,
single-celled, lack a nucleus, more diverse genetically and metabolically, live in more
environments, single compartment, cell wall, membrane, some bacteria are photosynthetic,
some archaea can live off methane or other small organic molecules, some live in colonies or
biofilms (large aggregations that stick together)
EUKAROYOTES
single-celled or multi-celled, internal membrane bound organelles, some have walls
(fungi, plant), have a nucleus, more restricted environments, some are photosynthetic
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Separate the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell. Made from proteins,
carbohydrates and phospholipids. Controls access to the cell
CHLOROPLAST
Produces sugars from light energy and CO2 and produces O2
MITOCHONDRION
Converts pyruvate into ATP, CO2, and makes small carbon molecules for the rest of
the cell.
GOLGI APPARATUS
Process proteins for targeting around the cell. Including the addition of sugar chains to
make glycoproteins.
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Provides an environment for folding proteins to target to the outside of the cell. Also
involved in lipid production.
NUCLEUS
Store DNA, transcribe and process RNA
RIBOSOMES
Produce proteins from a mRNA template using amino acids , made from rRNA and
protein
FILAMENTOUS CYTOSKELETON
Made of large polymers of proteins and helps in cell movement, cell reproduction and
cell structure.
Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
,- Cell membrane infoldings created the ER and the nucleus
- An aerobic bacterium was engulfed forming the mitochondria
- A photosynthetic cyanobacterium was engulfed forming the chloroplast. Evidence
- They have their own circular genomes (incomplete) and the genes are more closely related
to prokaryotes.
- The membrane constituents are like bacterial membranes.
- They divide just like bacteria (fission not mitosis)
What might be the evolutionary advantage of having a chloroplast?
A. Plants are able to fully metabolize glucose unlike glycolysis alone.
B. Plants can transport proteins to the cell surface.
C. Plants can create sugar from carbon dioxide.
D. The chloroplast converts light into ATP.
E. They are not an advantage, plants are on the way out. C
Vibrio cholerae a bacterium should have
I. Plasma membrane
II. Nucleus
III. DNA
IV. Ribosome
V. ER
VI. Mitochondrion I, III, IV
SARS-CoV-2, the covid-19 virus should have.
A. Nucleus
B. DNA
C. Ribosome
D. Mitochondrion
E. RNA E
What are the four basic biomolecules/macromolecules?
1. Proteins
2. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
3. Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
4. Fats and phospholipids (lipids)
PROTEINS
Made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Cell signaling, motility, enzymatic
reactions, part of membranes, and defense. Structure: amino N-terminus, R functional group,
carboxyl C-terminus.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Made from nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. Information storage and
short-term energy transfer. Structure: ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.
POLYSACCHARIDES (CARBOHYDRATES)
, Made from monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Medium term energy
storage, and part of the cell wall in plants, bacteria and fungi. Structure: Cx(H20)x
LIPIDS (FATS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS)
Made from fatty acids. Major component of membranes, monomers can be involved
in long term energy storage. Structure: largely non-polar sometimes with polar sections.
CONDENSATION REACTIONS
1.Create covalent bonds.
2. Water is expelled.
HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS
1.Break covalent bonds.
2.Water is consumed.
When a peptide bond is formed what other common molecule is formed as a byproduct?
A. O2
B. H2O
C. CO2
D. An amino acid
E. ATP B
What kind of bond is made between the mRNA being synthesized and the DNA?
A. Ionic
B. Phosphodiester
C. Hydrogen
D. Glycosidic
E. Peptide C
What type of bond holds together the peptide chain in a protein's alpha helix?
A. Peptide
B. Covalent
C. Condensation
D. Hydrogen
E. Phosphodiester A
You identify a unicellular organism that uses methane as its sole source of carbon. Which of
the following should also be true of this cell?
I. It is probably a eukaryote
II. It should contain a nucleus
III. It is unlikely to have internal membrane bound organelles
IV. It is likely to be an archaea
V. It is likely photosynthetic III and IV
E. coli Bacteria
Fission yeast, which is a fungus with a cell wall made from chitin and a nucleus Eukaryote
Which of these ISN'T true of the nucleus
A. Its membrane is continuous with the ER membrane.
B. Introns are removed from mRNA in the nucleus
C. Phospholipids are produced in the nucleus.
D. The nucleus contains the genome of the cell.
E. Only eukaryotes have a nucleus C
Which is true?
I. Eukaryotes don't have cell walls
II. Cell walls are generally fairly rigid
III. Membranes are composed of a mixture of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates
IV. Cell walls are largely composed of linked carbohydrates
V. All cells have membranes II-V
BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA PROKARYOTES,
single-celled, lack a nucleus, more diverse genetically and metabolically, live in more
environments, single compartment, cell wall, membrane, some bacteria are photosynthetic,
some archaea can live off methane or other small organic molecules, some live in colonies or
biofilms (large aggregations that stick together)
EUKAROYOTES
single-celled or multi-celled, internal membrane bound organelles, some have walls
(fungi, plant), have a nucleus, more restricted environments, some are photosynthetic
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Separate the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell. Made from proteins,
carbohydrates and phospholipids. Controls access to the cell
CHLOROPLAST
Produces sugars from light energy and CO2 and produces O2
MITOCHONDRION
Converts pyruvate into ATP, CO2, and makes small carbon molecules for the rest of
the cell.
GOLGI APPARATUS
Process proteins for targeting around the cell. Including the addition of sugar chains to
make glycoproteins.
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Provides an environment for folding proteins to target to the outside of the cell. Also
involved in lipid production.
NUCLEUS
Store DNA, transcribe and process RNA
RIBOSOMES
Produce proteins from a mRNA template using amino acids , made from rRNA and
protein
FILAMENTOUS CYTOSKELETON
Made of large polymers of proteins and helps in cell movement, cell reproduction and
cell structure.
Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes
,- Cell membrane infoldings created the ER and the nucleus
- An aerobic bacterium was engulfed forming the mitochondria
- A photosynthetic cyanobacterium was engulfed forming the chloroplast. Evidence
- They have their own circular genomes (incomplete) and the genes are more closely related
to prokaryotes.
- The membrane constituents are like bacterial membranes.
- They divide just like bacteria (fission not mitosis)
What might be the evolutionary advantage of having a chloroplast?
A. Plants are able to fully metabolize glucose unlike glycolysis alone.
B. Plants can transport proteins to the cell surface.
C. Plants can create sugar from carbon dioxide.
D. The chloroplast converts light into ATP.
E. They are not an advantage, plants are on the way out. C
Vibrio cholerae a bacterium should have
I. Plasma membrane
II. Nucleus
III. DNA
IV. Ribosome
V. ER
VI. Mitochondrion I, III, IV
SARS-CoV-2, the covid-19 virus should have.
A. Nucleus
B. DNA
C. Ribosome
D. Mitochondrion
E. RNA E
What are the four basic biomolecules/macromolecules?
1. Proteins
2. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
3. Polysaccharides (carbohydrates)
4. Fats and phospholipids (lipids)
PROTEINS
Made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Cell signaling, motility, enzymatic
reactions, part of membranes, and defense. Structure: amino N-terminus, R functional group,
carboxyl C-terminus.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Made from nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds. Information storage and
short-term energy transfer. Structure: ribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.
POLYSACCHARIDES (CARBOHYDRATES)
, Made from monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Medium term energy
storage, and part of the cell wall in plants, bacteria and fungi. Structure: Cx(H20)x
LIPIDS (FATS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS)
Made from fatty acids. Major component of membranes, monomers can be involved
in long term energy storage. Structure: largely non-polar sometimes with polar sections.
CONDENSATION REACTIONS
1.Create covalent bonds.
2. Water is expelled.
HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS
1.Break covalent bonds.
2.Water is consumed.
When a peptide bond is formed what other common molecule is formed as a byproduct?
A. O2
B. H2O
C. CO2
D. An amino acid
E. ATP B
What kind of bond is made between the mRNA being synthesized and the DNA?
A. Ionic
B. Phosphodiester
C. Hydrogen
D. Glycosidic
E. Peptide C
What type of bond holds together the peptide chain in a protein's alpha helix?
A. Peptide
B. Covalent
C. Condensation
D. Hydrogen
E. Phosphodiester A
You identify a unicellular organism that uses methane as its sole source of carbon. Which of
the following should also be true of this cell?
I. It is probably a eukaryote
II. It should contain a nucleus
III. It is unlikely to have internal membrane bound organelles
IV. It is likely to be an archaea
V. It is likely photosynthetic III and IV
E. coli Bacteria
Fission yeast, which is a fungus with a cell wall made from chitin and a nucleus Eukaryote
