BME 235 Exam 3 | Verified with 100% Correct Answers

BME 235 Exam 3 | Verified with 100% Correct Answers Describe a common source and effect of pulmonary embolism. sudden blockage in a lung artery. The blockage usually is caused by a blood clot that travels to the lung from a vein in the leg. What are the components of the circulatory system? Heart, blood vessels, and blood Identify the correct statement regarding leukocytes. 1. Leukocytes spend only a few hours in the bloodstream, then migrate through the walls of the capillaries. 2. Leukocytes are the most abundant formed elements, totaling only 5,000 to 10,000 WBCs/μL. 3. We can live for a long time without them. 4. Leukocytes differ from erythrocytes in that they do not retain their organelles throughout life. 5. Not all leukocytes have lysosomes in the cytoplasm. A total WBC count above 10,000 Leukocytosis Involves uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production Lymphoid Leukemia Uncontrolled granulocyte production Myeloid Leukemia Develops more slowly and may go undetected for months Chronic Leukemia WBC count below 5,000 Leukopenia Cancer that produces a high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors Leukemia Appears suddenly, progresses rapidly and causes death within a few months Acute Leukemia What happens to each component of an RBC and its hemoglobin when it dies and disintegrates? fragments are digested by macrophages in the liver and spleen Which of the following correctly describe hemophilia? Check all that apply. 1. It has sex-linked recessive mechanism of heredity. 2. Most hemophilia occurs predominantly in males. 3. Males can inherit it from either their mother or father. 4. Classical hemophilia (hemophilia A) is caused by a lack of factor VIII. 5. Hemophilia B is caused by a lack of factor IX. 1, 2, 4, 5 List the three major classes of plasma proteins. Which one is absent from blood serum? 1. Albumin (responsible for maintaining blood osmolarity) 2. Fibrinogen- (important in blood clot formation) -absent from blood serum 3. Globulin- carry stuff. Hormones like steroids that are not soluble in blood. What is the function of hemoglobin? What are its protein and nonprotein moieties called? Oxygen transport, also aids in the transport of carbon dioxide and buffers the pH of blood Nonprotein- Heme group What does hemopoiesis mean? After birth, what one cell type is the starting point for all hemopoiesis? the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow. Hemopoietic stem cell (HSC) Components of plasma Glucose, Antibodies, Fibrinogen, Hormones, Chloride Formed elements Platelets, Neutrophils, Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Monocytes Identify at least two each of the transport, protective, and regulatory functions of the circulatory system. -TRANSPORT: O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones, stem cells -PROTECTIVE: WBCs, inflammation, antibodies, platelets -REGULATORY: stabilize fluid distribution, balance pH of ECF, body temp In the breakdown of hemoglobin, the globin chains __________. are broken down by macrophages into amino acids What are the two principal functions of erythrocytes? To pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver it to tissues and to pick up carbon dioxide from the tissues and unload it in the lungs Neutrophils abundance in blood 60-70% Monocytes abundance in blood 3%-8% Lymphocytes abundance in blood 25%-33% Basophils abundance in blood 0.5% Eosinophils abundance in blood 2%-4% Choose the accurate statement(s) about the two reaction pathways that lead to the common pathway of coagulation. Check all that apply. 1. The intrinsic mechanism uses only clotting factors found in the blood itself. 2. The extrinsic mechanism uses only clotting factors found in the blood itself. 3. The intrinsic mechanism is initiated by clotting factors released by the damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissues. 4. In most cases of bleeding, both the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms work simultaneously to contribute to hemostasis. 5. The extrinsic mechanism is initiated by clotting factors released by the damaged blood vessel and perivascular tissues. 1, 4, 5 The cascade of enzymatic reactions in coagulation acts as an ____________ mechanism to ensure rapid clotting of blood. Amplifying Each activated enzyme in the pathway produces a ____________ number of molecules. Larger In the intrinsic pathway, the reaction begins with clotting factors from the ____________ Blood The pathway will end with the production of ____________ . Fibrin Heparin interferes with formation of prothrombin activator Anticoagulants Occurs when blood vessels are undamaged Repulsion Prostacyclin coats vessel walls Repulsion Antithrombin deactivates thrombin before it can act on fibrinogen Anticoagulants Heparin promotes the action of antithrombin Anticoagulants Normal rates of blood flow account for it Dilution Circulatory shock interferes with it Dilution Heparin blocks the action of thrombin on fibrinogen Anticoagulants What are the two principal components of the blood? Plasma and RBC After tissue repair is completed, factor XII catalyzes the formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein, that in turn converts an inactive plasminogen into _________, a fibrin-dissolving enzyme that breaks up the clot. plasmin When atrial pressure is greater than ventricular pressure, the ____________ valves open. AV When ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure, the blood in the ventricle pushes the AV valves ____________ . closed In the SL valves, when the pressure in the ____________ is greater than the pressure in the arteries, the SL valves are forced open. ventricles When ventricular pressure is lower than ____________ pressure, arterial blood holds the SL valves closed. arterial The SA node ____________ fires at regular intervals Spontaneously This is because the cells of the SA node do not have a stable ____________ membrane potential like skeletal muscles or neurons. Resting Their membrane potential starts at about ____________ mV and drifts upward. -60Mv This gradual, upward drift towards a ____________ is called the pacemaker potential. depolarization This results from a slow inflow of sodium ions without a compensating outflow of ____________ ions. Potassium In the ventricles, the action potential travels along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart, where it then spreads superiorly along the ventricle walls. T or F? True Semilunar valves remain open throughout the ___________ phase of cardiac cycle Late ventricular systole Atria remain open throughout the ___________ phase of cardiac cycle Ventricular systole and ventricular diastole Positive inotropes allow the heart to pump __________ blood with fewer heart beats. They do this by ______________ the end-systolic volume more; decreasing An individual with hypertension is expected to benefit from administration of ________________ inotropic drugs that ___________ the hearts workload. negative; decrease The expected effect of drug Digoxin is to ___________________ ventricular contraction and ________________ stroke volume strengthen; increase Process of the cardiocyte action potential: 3. Channels will then close when the voltage reaches ____________ . 2. Na⁺ inflow depolarizes the membrane, triggering the opening of more channels causing a ____________ feedback cycle 1. The action potential of a ventricular ____________ begins with opening a voltage gated sodium ion channel. 4. Depolarization is then prolonged via slow ____________ channels. 5. Once these channels close, potassium ions flow out quickly and restore the ____________ membrane potential. 1. cardiocyte 2. positive 3. +30mV 4. calcium ion 5. resting Electrical ____________ in the heart can be detected by means of electrodes applied to the skin. Currents An instrument called the electrocardiograph ____________ these signals and produces a record on a moving paper chart. amplifies The chart includes three principle deflections above and below the baseline; the P wave, QRS complex, and the ____________ wave. T The P wave is produced when a signal from the SA node spreads through the atria and ____________ them. depolarizes The QRS complex is produced when the signal from the AV node spreads through the ____________ myocardium and depolarizes the muscle ventricular The T wave is generated by ventricular repolarization immediately before ___________. Diastole During which phase of the cardiac cycle does aortic pressure reach its maximum? Ventricular ejection During which complete phase of the cardiac cycle do both the atria and ventricles relax? Isovolumetric-ventricles relax Structures containing oxygenated blood Left ventricle, coronary arteries, descending aorta, carotid artery Structures containing deoxygenated blood Jugular vein, Pulmonary trunk, superior vena cava, great cardiac vein, pulmonary arteries, right atrium