NURS 8022 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED PASS BRAND NEW 2025
Hematopoiesis - ANSWER - >Process of blood cell production in
adult bone marrow or the liver and/or spleen of the fetus
Two stages
▪ Mitosis (proliferation)
▪ Maturation (differentiation)
Primary site of hematopoietic stem cells - ANSWER - >Bone
marrow ("myeloid tissue")
Difference between red and yellow bone marrow - ANSWER -
>Red marrow produces RBCs, yellow marrow does not produce
RBCs
Active bone marrow sites - ANSWER - >pelvic bones
vertebrae
cranium
mandible
sternum
ribs
humerus
femur
Factors that increase hematopoiesis - ANSWER - >(1)
conversion of yellow bone marrow, which does not produce
blood cells, to hematopoietic red marrow by the actions of
,erythropoietin (a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte
production)
(2) faster differentiation of progenitor cells
(3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor cells
Erythropoiesis - ANSWER - >production of RBCs
Sequence of erythropoiesis - ANSWER - >Pluripotent
hematopoietic stem cell --> committed
Proerythroblast/Pronormoblast --> Erythroblast/Normoblast
(Hgb synthesis begins) --> Reticulocyte (nucleus is lost; 3 days
spent in bone marrow, about 1 day in blood) --> Erythrocyte
** aprox. 1% of RBCs are reticulocytes **
In each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases and the
nucleus decreases in size
Erythropoietin - ANSWER - >A hormone produced and released
by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells
by the bone marrow
Always present in plasma
Released in response to low renal oxygenation
- NOT the # of RBCs but rather oxygen delivery
- e RBC production increases within 24 hours; life span 4-12
hours; increased RBC # in 5 days
- Given to dialysis and chemo patients
,Reticulocytes - ANSWER - >▪ Last immature form of erythroblast
▪ Contains polyribosomes (globin synthesis) and mitochondria
(heme synthesis)
▪ 24-48 hours after leaving bone marrow for circulation,
matures into erythrocyte
- Loses polyribosomes and mitochondria
-Make up 1-2% of RBCs
- Last about 2 days in bone marrow and 1 day in blood
continuing to mature
- During time of low HCT time in marrow decreased to as little
as 1 day
▪ Reticulocyte count -- Indicates whether new RBCs are being
produced; good indicator of erythropoiesis
Renal oxygenation negative feedback loop - ANSWER - >
Hemoglobin and its structure - ANSWER - >Oxygen-carrying
protein of the erythrocyte --> may carry up to 300 hgb
molecules
Reversible deformity to be abvle to squeeze through the tiniest
of capillaries
Each Hgb molecule has 2 pairs of different globin chains and 4
complexes of iron + heme
, ▪ Heme: large, flat, iron-protoporphyrin disk that is synthesized
in the mitochondria and can carry one molecule of oxygen
▪ Each Hgb can carry 4 molecules of oxygen
Heme vs Globin - ANSWER - >Heme: Synthesized in
mitochondria of reticulocyte
- Carries Oxygen
Globin: Polyribosomes in reticulocytes
- 2 pairs of globin chains on each Hgb molecule
- Combo of pair determines type of globin chain
▪ Most common hgb A: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains - hgb F
(fetal): 2 alpha, 2 gamma
Red blood cell structure - ANSWER - >Sac of Hgb, no nucleus or
mitochondria, only hemoglobin & enzymes surrounded by
membrane
-Lack mitochondria, rely on glycolysis for energy --> "aerobic
metabolism"
▪ Deficiencies of 2 enzymes result in anemia
• Pyruvate kinase - necessary for glycolysis - no glycolysis
results in RBC damage and death
• G6PD - involved in protecting the RBC against oxidative stress
Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis - ANSWER - >Variation in RBC size
Variation in RBC shape
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEED PASS BRAND NEW 2025
Hematopoiesis - ANSWER - >Process of blood cell production in
adult bone marrow or the liver and/or spleen of the fetus
Two stages
▪ Mitosis (proliferation)
▪ Maturation (differentiation)
Primary site of hematopoietic stem cells - ANSWER - >Bone
marrow ("myeloid tissue")
Difference between red and yellow bone marrow - ANSWER -
>Red marrow produces RBCs, yellow marrow does not produce
RBCs
Active bone marrow sites - ANSWER - >pelvic bones
vertebrae
cranium
mandible
sternum
ribs
humerus
femur
Factors that increase hematopoiesis - ANSWER - >(1)
conversion of yellow bone marrow, which does not produce
blood cells, to hematopoietic red marrow by the actions of
,erythropoietin (a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte
production)
(2) faster differentiation of progenitor cells
(3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor cells
Erythropoiesis - ANSWER - >production of RBCs
Sequence of erythropoiesis - ANSWER - >Pluripotent
hematopoietic stem cell --> committed
Proerythroblast/Pronormoblast --> Erythroblast/Normoblast
(Hgb synthesis begins) --> Reticulocyte (nucleus is lost; 3 days
spent in bone marrow, about 1 day in blood) --> Erythrocyte
** aprox. 1% of RBCs are reticulocytes **
In each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases and the
nucleus decreases in size
Erythropoietin - ANSWER - >A hormone produced and released
by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells
by the bone marrow
Always present in plasma
Released in response to low renal oxygenation
- NOT the # of RBCs but rather oxygen delivery
- e RBC production increases within 24 hours; life span 4-12
hours; increased RBC # in 5 days
- Given to dialysis and chemo patients
,Reticulocytes - ANSWER - >▪ Last immature form of erythroblast
▪ Contains polyribosomes (globin synthesis) and mitochondria
(heme synthesis)
▪ 24-48 hours after leaving bone marrow for circulation,
matures into erythrocyte
- Loses polyribosomes and mitochondria
-Make up 1-2% of RBCs
- Last about 2 days in bone marrow and 1 day in blood
continuing to mature
- During time of low HCT time in marrow decreased to as little
as 1 day
▪ Reticulocyte count -- Indicates whether new RBCs are being
produced; good indicator of erythropoiesis
Renal oxygenation negative feedback loop - ANSWER - >
Hemoglobin and its structure - ANSWER - >Oxygen-carrying
protein of the erythrocyte --> may carry up to 300 hgb
molecules
Reversible deformity to be abvle to squeeze through the tiniest
of capillaries
Each Hgb molecule has 2 pairs of different globin chains and 4
complexes of iron + heme
, ▪ Heme: large, flat, iron-protoporphyrin disk that is synthesized
in the mitochondria and can carry one molecule of oxygen
▪ Each Hgb can carry 4 molecules of oxygen
Heme vs Globin - ANSWER - >Heme: Synthesized in
mitochondria of reticulocyte
- Carries Oxygen
Globin: Polyribosomes in reticulocytes
- 2 pairs of globin chains on each Hgb molecule
- Combo of pair determines type of globin chain
▪ Most common hgb A: 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains - hgb F
(fetal): 2 alpha, 2 gamma
Red blood cell structure - ANSWER - >Sac of Hgb, no nucleus or
mitochondria, only hemoglobin & enzymes surrounded by
membrane
-Lack mitochondria, rely on glycolysis for energy --> "aerobic
metabolism"
▪ Deficiencies of 2 enzymes result in anemia
• Pyruvate kinase - necessary for glycolysis - no glycolysis
results in RBC damage and death
• G6PD - involved in protecting the RBC against oxidative stress
Anisocytosis
Poikilocytosis - ANSWER - >Variation in RBC size
Variation in RBC shape
