SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Flash Cards
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1. How is leukemia Leukemia can be classified as chronic or acute. Chronic leukemia progresses slow-
classified? ly, with the abnormal cells being more mature and often not causing immediate
symptoms. Acute leukemia, on the other hand, progresses rapidly, with immature
cells (blasts) proliferating in the bone marrow and often causing symptoms more
quickly.
2. What is Virchow's Virchow's triad consists of three factors that contribute to the formation of throm-
triad? bosis:
-Alterations in blood flow or stasis (stasis of blood).
-Changes in the vessel wall (vessel wall injury).
-Changes in blood constituents or coagulability (hypercoagulability of blood).
These factors are important considerations in assessing a patient's risk of throm-
bosis.
3. Define athero- Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque, consisting
sclerosis. of cholesterol, fatty substances, calcium, and other substances, on the inner walls
of arteries. Over time, this buildup can lead to narrowing and hardening of the
arteries, impairing blood flow and potentially leading to complications such as
heart attack and stroke.
4. Compare and A thrombus is a blood clot that forms and remains in place within a blood vessel. It
contrast throm- doesn't typically travel to other parts of the body. On the other hand, an embolus
bus and emboli. is a clot or other substance that travels through the bloodstream from its site of
origin to another part of the body. For example, an embolus can break off from a
thrombus and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.
5. Name some labo- D-Dimer is a laboratory test used in the evaluation of disseminated intravascular
ratory tests used coagulation (DIC). It measures the presence of fibrin degradation products in the
to evaluate dis- blood, which indicates ongoing fibrinolysis (breakdown of blood clots). Elevated
seminated in- D-Dimer levels can suggest the presence of DIC, among other conditions involving
travascular coag- increased blood clot formation and breakdown.
ulation (DIC).
, SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Flash Cards
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6. What is the The "shift-to-the-left" phenomenon refers to an increase in the number of imma-
"shift-to-the-left" ture white blood cells (such as band neutrophils) in the peripheral blood. This
phenomenon? increase typically occurs in response to an infection or inflammatory process. In
other words, it indicates an elevated presence of immature forms of white blood
cells, suggesting that the bone marrow is producing more white blood cells to
combat an infection or inflammation.
7. Does the shift to Yes, the shift-to-the-left phenomenon can also occur in conditions such as AIDS
the left penom- and certain types of cancer, particularly those that affect the bone marrow or
enon indicate immune system. In AIDS, for example, there may be an increase in immature white
AIDS and or can- blood cells due to the underlying immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility
cer? to infections. Similarly, in some types of leukemia or lymphoma, there may be an
increase in immature white blood cells as a result of abnormal production in the
bone marrow. So, while the shift-to-the-left phenomenon is commonly associated
with infections, it can also occur in other conditions affecting the immune system
or bone marrow.
8. Explain the Polycythemia is characterized by an excess of red blood cells (RBCs) in the
pathophysiology bloodstream. This can result from various causes, such as increased production
of polycythemia. of RBCs by the bone marrow (primary polycythemia, also known as polycythemia
vera) or secondary to conditions such as chronic hypoxia or tumors producing
excess erythropoietin (secondary polycythemia).
The increased number of RBCs can lead to hyperviscosity of blood, which can im-
pair blood flow and increase the risk of thrombosis (clot formation). The sluggish
flow of blood through the arteries due to increased viscosity can contribute to the
risk of heart attack or stroke. Additionally, the increased RBC mass can also lead
to splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen) and other complications.
9. Describe the clin- For multiple myeloma, clinical manifestations may include bone pain (especially in
ical manifesta- the back or ribs), weakness, fatigue, frequent infections, and symptoms related to
tions and evalua- anemia (such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath). Evaluation methods
tion methods for typically involve blood tests to check for abnormal proteins (such as monoclonal
, SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Flash Cards
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_f01jgc
multiple myelo- gammopathy), imaging studies like X-rays or MRI to detect bone lesions, and
ma, leukemias, bone marrow biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
and Burkitt lym- For leukemias, clinical manifestations can vary depending on the type (acute vs.
phoma. chronic) and subtype. Common symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, fever,
frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, enlarged lymph nodes, and bone
pain. Evaluation methods include blood tests (such as complete blood count with
differential), bone marrow biopsy, and genetic testing to determine the specific
type and subtype of leukemia.
For Burkitt lymphoma, clinical manifestations often include rapidly growing tu-
mors, usually involving the jaw, facial bones, or abdomen. Other symptoms may
include fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. Evaluation typically involves
biopsy of the affected tissue (such as lymph node or bone marrow) to confirm
the diagnosis, along with imaging studies like CT scans to assess the extent of the
disease.
10. Briefly explain Leukemia: Leukemia is a type of cancer characterized by the uncontrolled prolifer-
the general ation of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to overcrowding
pathophysiology and suppression of normal blood cell production. This results in anemia (due
of leukemia, to decreased red blood cell production), susceptibility to infections (due to de-
disseminated creased normal white blood cells), and bleeding tendencies (due to decreased
intravascular platelet production).
coagulation Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): DIC is a complex disorder char-
(DIC), essential acterized by systemic activation of blood coagulation, leading to the formation
thrombo- of blood clots throughout the body. This widespread clotting consumes clotting
cythemia, and factors and platelets, leading to bleeding complications. DIC can be triggered by
hemochromato- various conditions such as sepsis, trauma, cancer, and obstetric complications.
sis. Essential thrombocythemia: Essential thrombocythemia is a disorder character-
ized by the overproduction of platelets by the bone marrow, leading to an in-
creased risk of blood clot formation (thrombosis). This can result in complications
such as stroke, heart attack, or blood clots in the veins (venous thrombosis).
Hemochromatosis: Hemochromatosis is a hereditary disorder characterized by
excessive absorption and accumulation of iron in the body. This excess iron
, SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Flash Cards
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_f01jgc
deposition can lead to damage in various organs such as the liver, pancreas,
heart, and joints. Complications of hemochromatosis may include liver cirrhosis,
diabetes, heart failure, and joint pain.
Each of these conditions involves distinct pathophysiological mechanisms leading
to their characteristic clinical manifestations.
11. What are the The typical clinical presentations of lymphoma can include symptoms such as:
typical clinical Enlarged, painless lymph nodes (especially in the neck, armpits, or groin)
presentations of Fever
lymphoma? Night sweats
Unintentional weight loss
Fatigue
Itching or rash
Pain or swelling in the abdomen
Difficulty breathing or chest pain (if the lymphoma affects the thymus or medi-
astinum)
Lymphomas can also present with systemic symptoms such as overproduction of
hormones in certain cases, but enlarged lymph nodes and systemic symptoms
like fever, night sweats, and weight loss are more characteristic.
12. Describe the For disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), it involves systemic activation
pathophysiology of blood coagulation, leading to the formation of blood clots throughout the
of lymphoblastic body. These widespread clots can consume clotting factors and platelets, resulting
lymphoma and in bleeding complications. DIC is often triggered by conditions such as sepsis,
disseminated trauma, cancer, or obstetric complications.
intravascular For lymphoblastic lymphoma, it's a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized
coagulation by the overproduction of immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) in the lymph
(DIC). nodes. This overproduction of abnormal lymphocytes can lead to the formation of
tumor masses in the lymph nodes and other organs, impairing normal immune
function and potentially causing symptoms such as enlarged lymph nodes, fever,
night sweats, and weight loss.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_f01jgc
1. How is leukemia Leukemia can be classified as chronic or acute. Chronic leukemia progresses slow-
classified? ly, with the abnormal cells being more mature and often not causing immediate
symptoms. Acute leukemia, on the other hand, progresses rapidly, with immature
cells (blasts) proliferating in the bone marrow and often causing symptoms more
quickly.
2. What is Virchow's Virchow's triad consists of three factors that contribute to the formation of throm-
triad? bosis:
-Alterations in blood flow or stasis (stasis of blood).
-Changes in the vessel wall (vessel wall injury).
-Changes in blood constituents or coagulability (hypercoagulability of blood).
These factors are important considerations in assessing a patient's risk of throm-
bosis.
3. Define athero- Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque, consisting
sclerosis. of cholesterol, fatty substances, calcium, and other substances, on the inner walls
of arteries. Over time, this buildup can lead to narrowing and hardening of the
arteries, impairing blood flow and potentially leading to complications such as
heart attack and stroke.
4. Compare and A thrombus is a blood clot that forms and remains in place within a blood vessel. It
contrast throm- doesn't typically travel to other parts of the body. On the other hand, an embolus
bus and emboli. is a clot or other substance that travels through the bloodstream from its site of
origin to another part of the body. For example, an embolus can break off from a
thrombus and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.
5. Name some labo- D-Dimer is a laboratory test used in the evaluation of disseminated intravascular
ratory tests used coagulation (DIC). It measures the presence of fibrin degradation products in the
to evaluate dis- blood, which indicates ongoing fibrinolysis (breakdown of blood clots). Elevated
seminated in- D-Dimer levels can suggest the presence of DIC, among other conditions involving
travascular coag- increased blood clot formation and breakdown.
ulation (DIC).
, SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Flash Cards
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_f01jgc
6. What is the The "shift-to-the-left" phenomenon refers to an increase in the number of imma-
"shift-to-the-left" ture white blood cells (such as band neutrophils) in the peripheral blood. This
phenomenon? increase typically occurs in response to an infection or inflammatory process. In
other words, it indicates an elevated presence of immature forms of white blood
cells, suggesting that the bone marrow is producing more white blood cells to
combat an infection or inflammation.
7. Does the shift to Yes, the shift-to-the-left phenomenon can also occur in conditions such as AIDS
the left penom- and certain types of cancer, particularly those that affect the bone marrow or
enon indicate immune system. In AIDS, for example, there may be an increase in immature white
AIDS and or can- blood cells due to the underlying immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility
cer? to infections. Similarly, in some types of leukemia or lymphoma, there may be an
increase in immature white blood cells as a result of abnormal production in the
bone marrow. So, while the shift-to-the-left phenomenon is commonly associated
with infections, it can also occur in other conditions affecting the immune system
or bone marrow.
8. Explain the Polycythemia is characterized by an excess of red blood cells (RBCs) in the
pathophysiology bloodstream. This can result from various causes, such as increased production
of polycythemia. of RBCs by the bone marrow (primary polycythemia, also known as polycythemia
vera) or secondary to conditions such as chronic hypoxia or tumors producing
excess erythropoietin (secondary polycythemia).
The increased number of RBCs can lead to hyperviscosity of blood, which can im-
pair blood flow and increase the risk of thrombosis (clot formation). The sluggish
flow of blood through the arteries due to increased viscosity can contribute to the
risk of heart attack or stroke. Additionally, the increased RBC mass can also lead
to splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen) and other complications.
9. Describe the clin- For multiple myeloma, clinical manifestations may include bone pain (especially in
ical manifesta- the back or ribs), weakness, fatigue, frequent infections, and symptoms related to
tions and evalua- anemia (such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath). Evaluation methods
tion methods for typically involve blood tests to check for abnormal proteins (such as monoclonal
, SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Flash Cards
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_f01jgc
multiple myelo- gammopathy), imaging studies like X-rays or MRI to detect bone lesions, and
ma, leukemias, bone marrow biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.
and Burkitt lym- For leukemias, clinical manifestations can vary depending on the type (acute vs.
phoma. chronic) and subtype. Common symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, fever,
frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, enlarged lymph nodes, and bone
pain. Evaluation methods include blood tests (such as complete blood count with
differential), bone marrow biopsy, and genetic testing to determine the specific
type and subtype of leukemia.
For Burkitt lymphoma, clinical manifestations often include rapidly growing tu-
mors, usually involving the jaw, facial bones, or abdomen. Other symptoms may
include fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue. Evaluation typically involves
biopsy of the affected tissue (such as lymph node or bone marrow) to confirm
the diagnosis, along with imaging studies like CT scans to assess the extent of the
disease.
10. Briefly explain Leukemia: Leukemia is a type of cancer characterized by the uncontrolled prolifer-
the general ation of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to overcrowding
pathophysiology and suppression of normal blood cell production. This results in anemia (due
of leukemia, to decreased red blood cell production), susceptibility to infections (due to de-
disseminated creased normal white blood cells), and bleeding tendencies (due to decreased
intravascular platelet production).
coagulation Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC): DIC is a complex disorder char-
(DIC), essential acterized by systemic activation of blood coagulation, leading to the formation
thrombo- of blood clots throughout the body. This widespread clotting consumes clotting
cythemia, and factors and platelets, leading to bleeding complications. DIC can be triggered by
hemochromato- various conditions such as sepsis, trauma, cancer, and obstetric complications.
sis. Essential thrombocythemia: Essential thrombocythemia is a disorder character-
ized by the overproduction of platelets by the bone marrow, leading to an in-
creased risk of blood clot formation (thrombosis). This can result in complications
such as stroke, heart attack, or blood clots in the veins (venous thrombosis).
Hemochromatosis: Hemochromatosis is a hereditary disorder characterized by
excessive absorption and accumulation of iron in the body. This excess iron
, SCI 225 Pathophysiology Final Flash Cards
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_f01jgc
deposition can lead to damage in various organs such as the liver, pancreas,
heart, and joints. Complications of hemochromatosis may include liver cirrhosis,
diabetes, heart failure, and joint pain.
Each of these conditions involves distinct pathophysiological mechanisms leading
to their characteristic clinical manifestations.
11. What are the The typical clinical presentations of lymphoma can include symptoms such as:
typical clinical Enlarged, painless lymph nodes (especially in the neck, armpits, or groin)
presentations of Fever
lymphoma? Night sweats
Unintentional weight loss
Fatigue
Itching or rash
Pain or swelling in the abdomen
Difficulty breathing or chest pain (if the lymphoma affects the thymus or medi-
astinum)
Lymphomas can also present with systemic symptoms such as overproduction of
hormones in certain cases, but enlarged lymph nodes and systemic symptoms
like fever, night sweats, and weight loss are more characteristic.
12. Describe the For disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), it involves systemic activation
pathophysiology of blood coagulation, leading to the formation of blood clots throughout the
of lymphoblastic body. These widespread clots can consume clotting factors and platelets, resulting
lymphoma and in bleeding complications. DIC is often triggered by conditions such as sepsis,
disseminated trauma, cancer, or obstetric complications.
intravascular For lymphoblastic lymphoma, it's a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized
coagulation by the overproduction of immature lymphocytes (white blood cells) in the lymph
(DIC). nodes. This overproduction of abnormal lymphocytes can lead to the formation of
tumor masses in the lymph nodes and other organs, impairing normal immune
function and potentially causing symptoms such as enlarged lymph nodes, fever,
night sweats, and weight loss.
