PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM 2024/2025 QUESTIONS
AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED
A++
Which of the following relate to a change in cell size? Select all that apply.
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
E. Hypertrophy - ANSWER C and E
An echocardiogram reveals Charles, an ultramarathon runner, has an
enlarged left ventricle. As this increase in ventricle size is supported by
increased blood flow and ATP production due to the training Charles has
undertaken this increase in heart size demonstrates _______________.
A. Physiological hyperplasia
B. Pathological hypertrophy
C. Physiological hypertrophy
D. Benign neoplasia
E. Pathological metaplasia - ANSWER C. Physiological hypertrophy
A friend comes to you concerned, as her recent Pap tests revealed the
presence of cervical dysplasia. Which of the following response to your
friend's comment is correct?
A. Dysplasia is basically the same as cancer
B. Dysplasia indicates a change in the cellular appearance
C. Dysplasia indicates cancer cells have metastasized
D. Dysplasia indicates a benign form of cancerous growth
E. Dysplasia indicates one cell type has been replaced by another cell type
- ANSWER B. Dysplasia indicates a change in the cellular appearance
Cell injury occurs when cells are exposed to severe stress that no longer
allows them to maintain homeostasis. What basic changes occur as a
result of cell injury? Select all that apply.
A. Inadequate oxygen diffusion at the alveoli
B. Increase in mitochondria number
C. Cellular swelling
D. Defects in protein synthesis
,E. Dysfunction of the sodium-potassium pump - ANSWER C. Cellular
swelling, D. Defects in protein synthesis, & E. Dysfunction in the sodium
potassium pump
Which of the following are examples of necrosis? Select all that apply.
A. Cellular turnover at the surface of the skin
B. Third-degree burn
C. Changes in ovarian cells during menopause
D. Myocardial cell damage caused by myocardial infarction
E. Cell death caused by exposure to snake venom - ANSWER B. Third-
degree burn, D. Myocardial cell damage caused by myocardial infarction, &
E. Cell death caused by exposure to snake venom
Where does transcription take place? - ANSWER Nucleus
Where does translation take place? - ANSWER Cytoplasm
At the end of mitosis how many chromosomes are there?
A. 23
B. 46
C. 52
D. 21 - ANSWER B. 46
Which statement is true for meiosis?
A. Meiosis occurs from the splitting of haploid cells
B. Meiosis creates 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes
C. Meiosis creates somatic cells
D. Meiosis creates gametes - ANSWER D. Meiosis creates gametes
What is this an example of: Blonde hair, blue eyes, pale skin, short stature,
etc. - ANSWER Phenotype
What is this an example of: Sickle cell disease, Down's Syndrome -
ANSWER Genotype
Which statement is true about x-linked recessive
A. The trait is seen more in females
B. The father always gives the trait to the son
C. Females cannot carry the trait
,D. The gene is passed from affected fathers to all daughters - ANSWER D.
The gene is passed from affected fathers to all daughters
What is etiology? - ANSWER Original cause of a cellular alteration or
disease
What is histology? - ANSWER Microscopic study of tissues and cells
What are pathognomonic changes? - ANSWER Unique histological
findings that represent distinct disease processes
Atrophy: - ANSWER ADAPTATION in which cells revert to a smaller size
as a result of their changing metabolic requirements or environment
Hypertrophy: - ANSWER Increase in individual cell size that results in
enlargement of functioning tissue mass --> greater metabolic demand and
energy needs
What is an example of physiological hypertrophy? - ANSWER Increased
muscle mass due to exercise; muscle is adequately supplied with blood
due to angiogenesis
What is pathological hypertrophy? - ANSWER Increase in cellular size
without an increase in the supportive structures necessary for the enlarged
cell's increased metabolic needs
What is an example of pathological hypertrophy? - ANSWER Hypertension
What is hyperplasia and where does it occur? - ANSWER Increase in the
number of cells in a tissue or organ; occurs in cells that are capable of
undergoing mitotic division
What is metaplasia? - ANSWER Replacement of one cell type by another
cell type
Metaplasia often occurs in response to what? - ANSWER Chronic
inflammation
What is dysplasia? - ANSWER Deranged cellular growth within a specific
tissue; due to chronic inflammation or a precancerous condition
, What is neoplasia? - ANSWER New growth that is usually disorganized,
uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth that is cancerous;
tumor=neoplasm
What are examples of cellular injury? - ANSWER 1. Dysfunction of Na/K
Pump
2. Loss of Plasma Membrane Integrity
3. Defects in Protein Synthesis Ability
4. Intracellular Accumulations
5. Genetic Damage
What are the eight categories of cell injury? - ANSWER 1. Hypoxic
2. Free radical (oxidative stress)
3. Physical agents
4. Chemical
5. Infectious agent
6. Injurious immunological reactions
7. Genetic defects
8. Nutritional imbalances
Penetrance of a disease is determined by: - ANSWER Whether the
disorder's symptoms are clearly evident
Expressivity is based on the symptom's: - ANSWER Severity
Familial Hypercholesterolemia: - ANSWER Autosomal dominant disorder
that causes severe elevations in total cholesterol and LDL; Homozygous
form more dangerous than heterozygous form; LDL receptors are absent or
dysfunctional
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: - ANSWER Autosomal dominant
inherited disorder characterized by early onset of hundreds to thousands of
adenomatous polyps throughout the colon; leads to colon cancer; caused
by defective APC gene which controls apoptosis in the colon
Marfan Syndrome: - ANSWER Inherited connective tissue disease resulting
from the mutation of fibrillin-1 on chromosome 15 which results in defective
connective tissue throughout the body
AND VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS/ ALREADY GRADED
A++
Which of the following relate to a change in cell size? Select all that apply.
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
E. Hypertrophy - ANSWER C and E
An echocardiogram reveals Charles, an ultramarathon runner, has an
enlarged left ventricle. As this increase in ventricle size is supported by
increased blood flow and ATP production due to the training Charles has
undertaken this increase in heart size demonstrates _______________.
A. Physiological hyperplasia
B. Pathological hypertrophy
C. Physiological hypertrophy
D. Benign neoplasia
E. Pathological metaplasia - ANSWER C. Physiological hypertrophy
A friend comes to you concerned, as her recent Pap tests revealed the
presence of cervical dysplasia. Which of the following response to your
friend's comment is correct?
A. Dysplasia is basically the same as cancer
B. Dysplasia indicates a change in the cellular appearance
C. Dysplasia indicates cancer cells have metastasized
D. Dysplasia indicates a benign form of cancerous growth
E. Dysplasia indicates one cell type has been replaced by another cell type
- ANSWER B. Dysplasia indicates a change in the cellular appearance
Cell injury occurs when cells are exposed to severe stress that no longer
allows them to maintain homeostasis. What basic changes occur as a
result of cell injury? Select all that apply.
A. Inadequate oxygen diffusion at the alveoli
B. Increase in mitochondria number
C. Cellular swelling
D. Defects in protein synthesis
,E. Dysfunction of the sodium-potassium pump - ANSWER C. Cellular
swelling, D. Defects in protein synthesis, & E. Dysfunction in the sodium
potassium pump
Which of the following are examples of necrosis? Select all that apply.
A. Cellular turnover at the surface of the skin
B. Third-degree burn
C. Changes in ovarian cells during menopause
D. Myocardial cell damage caused by myocardial infarction
E. Cell death caused by exposure to snake venom - ANSWER B. Third-
degree burn, D. Myocardial cell damage caused by myocardial infarction, &
E. Cell death caused by exposure to snake venom
Where does transcription take place? - ANSWER Nucleus
Where does translation take place? - ANSWER Cytoplasm
At the end of mitosis how many chromosomes are there?
A. 23
B. 46
C. 52
D. 21 - ANSWER B. 46
Which statement is true for meiosis?
A. Meiosis occurs from the splitting of haploid cells
B. Meiosis creates 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes
C. Meiosis creates somatic cells
D. Meiosis creates gametes - ANSWER D. Meiosis creates gametes
What is this an example of: Blonde hair, blue eyes, pale skin, short stature,
etc. - ANSWER Phenotype
What is this an example of: Sickle cell disease, Down's Syndrome -
ANSWER Genotype
Which statement is true about x-linked recessive
A. The trait is seen more in females
B. The father always gives the trait to the son
C. Females cannot carry the trait
,D. The gene is passed from affected fathers to all daughters - ANSWER D.
The gene is passed from affected fathers to all daughters
What is etiology? - ANSWER Original cause of a cellular alteration or
disease
What is histology? - ANSWER Microscopic study of tissues and cells
What are pathognomonic changes? - ANSWER Unique histological
findings that represent distinct disease processes
Atrophy: - ANSWER ADAPTATION in which cells revert to a smaller size
as a result of their changing metabolic requirements or environment
Hypertrophy: - ANSWER Increase in individual cell size that results in
enlargement of functioning tissue mass --> greater metabolic demand and
energy needs
What is an example of physiological hypertrophy? - ANSWER Increased
muscle mass due to exercise; muscle is adequately supplied with blood
due to angiogenesis
What is pathological hypertrophy? - ANSWER Increase in cellular size
without an increase in the supportive structures necessary for the enlarged
cell's increased metabolic needs
What is an example of pathological hypertrophy? - ANSWER Hypertension
What is hyperplasia and where does it occur? - ANSWER Increase in the
number of cells in a tissue or organ; occurs in cells that are capable of
undergoing mitotic division
What is metaplasia? - ANSWER Replacement of one cell type by another
cell type
Metaplasia often occurs in response to what? - ANSWER Chronic
inflammation
What is dysplasia? - ANSWER Deranged cellular growth within a specific
tissue; due to chronic inflammation or a precancerous condition
, What is neoplasia? - ANSWER New growth that is usually disorganized,
uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth that is cancerous;
tumor=neoplasm
What are examples of cellular injury? - ANSWER 1. Dysfunction of Na/K
Pump
2. Loss of Plasma Membrane Integrity
3. Defects in Protein Synthesis Ability
4. Intracellular Accumulations
5. Genetic Damage
What are the eight categories of cell injury? - ANSWER 1. Hypoxic
2. Free radical (oxidative stress)
3. Physical agents
4. Chemical
5. Infectious agent
6. Injurious immunological reactions
7. Genetic defects
8. Nutritional imbalances
Penetrance of a disease is determined by: - ANSWER Whether the
disorder's symptoms are clearly evident
Expressivity is based on the symptom's: - ANSWER Severity
Familial Hypercholesterolemia: - ANSWER Autosomal dominant disorder
that causes severe elevations in total cholesterol and LDL; Homozygous
form more dangerous than heterozygous form; LDL receptors are absent or
dysfunctional
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: - ANSWER Autosomal dominant
inherited disorder characterized by early onset of hundreds to thousands of
adenomatous polyps throughout the colon; leads to colon cancer; caused
by defective APC gene which controls apoptosis in the colon
Marfan Syndrome: - ANSWER Inherited connective tissue disease resulting
from the mutation of fibrillin-1 on chromosome 15 which results in defective
connective tissue throughout the body
