3/3/25, 10:45 AM NSG 535: Exam 1 | COMPLETE EXAM SET (questions and verified answers) FREQUENTLY MOST TESTED QUESTIONS | …
NSG 535: Exam 1 | COMPLETE EXAM SET
(questions and verified answers) FREQUENTLY
MOST TESTED QUESTIONS | already passed!!
Save
Terms in this set (240)
-Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
-Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
-Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Common Liver Function -bilirubin
Tests -albumin
-prothrombin time
-gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
-5'nucleotidase
-destruction of RBCs & formation of bile pigments
-protein metabolism
-synthesis of plasma proteins, fibrinogens &
prothrombin
Liver functions -enzyme synthesis
-conversion of ammonia to urea
-carbohydrate & fat metabolism
-excretion of drugs, hormones
-detoxifies
-detect presence of liver disease
application of liver -distinguish among different types of liver disorders
function tests -gauges the extent of known liver damage
-follow response to txt
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,3/3/25, 10:45 AM NSG 535: Exam 1 | COMPLETE EXAM SET (questions and verified answers) FREQUENTLY MOST TESTED QUESTIONS | …
-tests that measure detoxification & excretory
functions
-tests for enzymes that reflect damage to
LFT categories/what do
hepatocytes
they indicate?
-tests for enzymes that reflect cholestasis (flow of
bile reduced/blocked)
-tests that measure synthetic function
-aminotransferases (AST & ALT)
-AST: enzyme present in liver, cardiac muscle,
Tests for enzymes that skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, pancreases, lungs,
reflect damage to leukocytes, & RBCs
hepatocytes -ALT: primary present in the Liver; enzyme
--more specific indicator of liver cell damage
--non specific/any type of liver disorder
-levels >1000 --> extensive hepatocellular injury (viral
hepatitis, ischemic liver disease, drug or toxin
induced)
ALT & AST levels
>ACUTE hepatocellular damage: ALT > AST
>Alcoholic liver disease: AST:ALT >2:1 (suggestive);
>3:1 (highly suggestive)
>ALP
- <3 fold increase: not specific for cholestasis
--seen in almost any type of liver disease
->4 fold increase: cholestatic liver disorder,
Tests for enzymes that
infiltrative liver disease (cancer), bone conditions w/
reflect cholestasis
rapid bone turnover (Pagets disease)
-ALP is NOT useful to distinguish b/w intra & extra
hepatic obstruction
-reflective of liver damage & cholestasis
>Bilirubin
>Van den Bergh assay: determination of total,
Tests that measure
conjugated (direct) & unconjugated (indirect)
detoxification &
bilirubin
excretory functions
-normal value of total <1-1.5
-helps identify if liver is functioning the way it should
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,3/3/25, 10:45 AM NSG 535: Exam 1 | COMPLETE EXAM SET (questions and verified answers) FREQUENTLY MOST TESTED QUESTIONS | …
>Serum albumin
-synthesized exclusively by hepatocytes
-NOT a good indicator of acute/mild hepatic
dysfunction
-minimum change in viral hepatitis/drug induced
hepatitis/obs jaundice
-other causes of decrease: protein malnutrition,
protein losing enteropathies, nephrotic syndrome,
Tests that measure chronic infection
synthetic function
>Coagulation factors:
-except for factor VIII, blood clotting factors are
exclusively synthesized in hepatocytes
-rapid turnover; clotting factors are single best
acute measure of hepatic synthetic function**
-PT (collective measures II/V/VII/X
---may be elevated in hepatitis, cirrhosis & disorders
that result in Vit K deficiency (obs. jaundice)
>ALP
Tests for enzymes that
>5'NT
reflect cholestasis
>GGT
>ALT: hepatocellular damage
>AST: hepatocellular damage
>Bilirubin: cholestasis, impair conjugation or biliary
obstruction
Common reasons for >ALP: cholestasis, infiltrative disease, biliary
abnormal LFTs obstruction
>PT: synthetic function
>Albumin: synthetic function
>GGT: cholestasis or biliary obstruction
>5' nucleotidase: cholestasis of biliary obstruction
-digestive enzyme
Amylase -aids in hydrolysis of starch into sugars
-main sources are the pancreas and salivary glands
-digestive enzyme
Lipase -main function of pancreatic lipase is to hydrolyze
triglycerides into glycerol & free fatty acids
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, 3/3/25, 10:45 AM NSG 535: Exam 1 | COMPLETE EXAM SET (questions and verified answers) FREQUENTLY MOST TESTED QUESTIONS | …
-acute 3x elevation of amylase &/or lipase
-typically extrapancreatic cause of amylase/lipase
Pancreatitis elevations are not associated with a >3fold elevation
-amylase & lipase drawn together
-often ordered when pt has abdominal pain
-serum amylase rises within 6-12 hrs
-returns to normal 3-5 days
Pancreatitis: Amylase
-3x elevation more specific (85-98%) & sensitive (67-
83%) for acute pancreatitis
-rises within 4-8hrs
-peaks at 24 hr
-returns to normal 8-14 days
Pancreatitis: Lipase -3x elevation sensitive (82-100%) for acute
pancreatitis
-lipase elevations occur earlier & last longer
compared to amylase
-salivary disease
Elevated amylase-
-GI: appendicitis, perforated bowel, celiac disease
extrapancreatic
-GYN: ruptured ectopic pregnancy, PID
-HIV, HCV
Elevated lipase-
-inflammatory bowel disease
extrapancreatic
-T2DM
-metabolic activation of Vit D to calcitriol
Vitamin D -impacts Ca & phosphate homeostasis
-increase in the serum Ca & phos concentrations
-hypocalcemia &/or hypophosphatemia --> low
25(OH)D levels leads to decrease intestinal
absorption of Ca & elevated PTH
-rickets or osteomalacia (not common in developed
countries)
Vitamin D deficiency
-subclinical Vit D deficiency:
--osteoporosis/falls/fractures
--immune system
--cardiovascular benefiets
https://quizlet.com/1013067835/nsg-535-exam-1-complete-exam-set-questions-and-verified-answers-frequently-most-tested-questions-already-p… 4/48
NSG 535: Exam 1 | COMPLETE EXAM SET
(questions and verified answers) FREQUENTLY
MOST TESTED QUESTIONS | already passed!!
Save
Terms in this set (240)
-Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
-Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
-Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Common Liver Function -bilirubin
Tests -albumin
-prothrombin time
-gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
-5'nucleotidase
-destruction of RBCs & formation of bile pigments
-protein metabolism
-synthesis of plasma proteins, fibrinogens &
prothrombin
Liver functions -enzyme synthesis
-conversion of ammonia to urea
-carbohydrate & fat metabolism
-excretion of drugs, hormones
-detoxifies
-detect presence of liver disease
application of liver -distinguish among different types of liver disorders
function tests -gauges the extent of known liver damage
-follow response to txt
https://quizlet.com/1013067835/nsg-535-exam-1-complete-exam-set-questions-and-verified-answers-frequently-most-tested-questions-already-p… 1/48
,3/3/25, 10:45 AM NSG 535: Exam 1 | COMPLETE EXAM SET (questions and verified answers) FREQUENTLY MOST TESTED QUESTIONS | …
-tests that measure detoxification & excretory
functions
-tests for enzymes that reflect damage to
LFT categories/what do
hepatocytes
they indicate?
-tests for enzymes that reflect cholestasis (flow of
bile reduced/blocked)
-tests that measure synthetic function
-aminotransferases (AST & ALT)
-AST: enzyme present in liver, cardiac muscle,
Tests for enzymes that skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, pancreases, lungs,
reflect damage to leukocytes, & RBCs
hepatocytes -ALT: primary present in the Liver; enzyme
--more specific indicator of liver cell damage
--non specific/any type of liver disorder
-levels >1000 --> extensive hepatocellular injury (viral
hepatitis, ischemic liver disease, drug or toxin
induced)
ALT & AST levels
>ACUTE hepatocellular damage: ALT > AST
>Alcoholic liver disease: AST:ALT >2:1 (suggestive);
>3:1 (highly suggestive)
>ALP
- <3 fold increase: not specific for cholestasis
--seen in almost any type of liver disease
->4 fold increase: cholestatic liver disorder,
Tests for enzymes that
infiltrative liver disease (cancer), bone conditions w/
reflect cholestasis
rapid bone turnover (Pagets disease)
-ALP is NOT useful to distinguish b/w intra & extra
hepatic obstruction
-reflective of liver damage & cholestasis
>Bilirubin
>Van den Bergh assay: determination of total,
Tests that measure
conjugated (direct) & unconjugated (indirect)
detoxification &
bilirubin
excretory functions
-normal value of total <1-1.5
-helps identify if liver is functioning the way it should
https://quizlet.com/1013067835/nsg-535-exam-1-complete-exam-set-questions-and-verified-answers-frequently-most-tested-questions-already-p… 2/48
,3/3/25, 10:45 AM NSG 535: Exam 1 | COMPLETE EXAM SET (questions and verified answers) FREQUENTLY MOST TESTED QUESTIONS | …
>Serum albumin
-synthesized exclusively by hepatocytes
-NOT a good indicator of acute/mild hepatic
dysfunction
-minimum change in viral hepatitis/drug induced
hepatitis/obs jaundice
-other causes of decrease: protein malnutrition,
protein losing enteropathies, nephrotic syndrome,
Tests that measure chronic infection
synthetic function
>Coagulation factors:
-except for factor VIII, blood clotting factors are
exclusively synthesized in hepatocytes
-rapid turnover; clotting factors are single best
acute measure of hepatic synthetic function**
-PT (collective measures II/V/VII/X
---may be elevated in hepatitis, cirrhosis & disorders
that result in Vit K deficiency (obs. jaundice)
>ALP
Tests for enzymes that
>5'NT
reflect cholestasis
>GGT
>ALT: hepatocellular damage
>AST: hepatocellular damage
>Bilirubin: cholestasis, impair conjugation or biliary
obstruction
Common reasons for >ALP: cholestasis, infiltrative disease, biliary
abnormal LFTs obstruction
>PT: synthetic function
>Albumin: synthetic function
>GGT: cholestasis or biliary obstruction
>5' nucleotidase: cholestasis of biliary obstruction
-digestive enzyme
Amylase -aids in hydrolysis of starch into sugars
-main sources are the pancreas and salivary glands
-digestive enzyme
Lipase -main function of pancreatic lipase is to hydrolyze
triglycerides into glycerol & free fatty acids
https://quizlet.com/1013067835/nsg-535-exam-1-complete-exam-set-questions-and-verified-answers-frequently-most-tested-questions-already-p… 3/48
, 3/3/25, 10:45 AM NSG 535: Exam 1 | COMPLETE EXAM SET (questions and verified answers) FREQUENTLY MOST TESTED QUESTIONS | …
-acute 3x elevation of amylase &/or lipase
-typically extrapancreatic cause of amylase/lipase
Pancreatitis elevations are not associated with a >3fold elevation
-amylase & lipase drawn together
-often ordered when pt has abdominal pain
-serum amylase rises within 6-12 hrs
-returns to normal 3-5 days
Pancreatitis: Amylase
-3x elevation more specific (85-98%) & sensitive (67-
83%) for acute pancreatitis
-rises within 4-8hrs
-peaks at 24 hr
-returns to normal 8-14 days
Pancreatitis: Lipase -3x elevation sensitive (82-100%) for acute
pancreatitis
-lipase elevations occur earlier & last longer
compared to amylase
-salivary disease
Elevated amylase-
-GI: appendicitis, perforated bowel, celiac disease
extrapancreatic
-GYN: ruptured ectopic pregnancy, PID
-HIV, HCV
Elevated lipase-
-inflammatory bowel disease
extrapancreatic
-T2DM
-metabolic activation of Vit D to calcitriol
Vitamin D -impacts Ca & phosphate homeostasis
-increase in the serum Ca & phos concentrations
-hypocalcemia &/or hypophosphatemia --> low
25(OH)D levels leads to decrease intestinal
absorption of Ca & elevated PTH
-rickets or osteomalacia (not common in developed
countries)
Vitamin D deficiency
-subclinical Vit D deficiency:
--osteoporosis/falls/fractures
--immune system
--cardiovascular benefiets
https://quizlet.com/1013067835/nsg-535-exam-1-complete-exam-set-questions-and-verified-answers-frequently-most-tested-questions-already-p… 4/48
