D115 master set-Advanced
Pathophysiology for the Advanced
Practice Nurse
Which54type54of54genetic54disease54affects54males54more54frequently54than54females?54-
54ans--✔✔Sex-
Linked54recessive.54Since54males54only54have54one54X54and54one54Y,54if54the54affected5
4chromosome54has54the54illness,54it54will54be54expressed.
In54which54two54conditions54are54chromosomal54abnormalities54the54leading54known54ca
use?54-54ans--
✔✔Intellectual54disability54and54fetal54miscarriage.54Chromosome54abnormalities54are54t
he54leading54known54cause54of54intellectual54disability54and54fetal54miscarriage.
What54are54three54examples54of54prenatal54diagnostic54studies?54-54ans--
✔✔Chorionic54villus54sampling54(CVS),54amniocentesis,54and54preimplantation54genetic
54testing54(PGT)54are54examples54of54prenatal54diagnostic54studies54and54are54performe
d54in54vitro.54CVS54is54a54form54of54genetic54testing54that54provides54genetic54informatio
n54found54in54utero54and54is54usually54performed54between54weeks541154and541454of54pr
egnancy.54An54amniocentesis54is54a54form54of54genetic54testing54that54evaluates54amnio
tic54fluid54and54is54usually54performed54during54the54second54trimester,54between54week
s541554and542054of54pregnancy.54PGT54is54performed54on54the54embryo54prior54to54impla
ntation.
Which54genetic54disorder54is54characterized54by54the54presence54of54a54zygote54having5
4one54chromosome54with54a54normal54complement54of54genes54and54one54chromosome
54with54a54missing54gene?54-54ans--
✔✔Cri54du54chat54syndrome54(translated54as54"cry54of54the54cat")54is54caused54by54a54D
NA54deletion.54This54term54describes54the54cry54often54heard54from54a54baby54affected54
by54the54syndrome.54Cri54du54chat54syndrome54can54present54as54a54microcephalic,54lo
w54birth-weight54baby54with54a54piercing54cry.
How54can54an54X-linked54recessive54disease54skip54generations?54-54ans--
✔✔The54disease54can54be54transmitted54through54female54carriers.
,Since54females54have54two54copies54of54the54X54chromosome,54the54mother54may54prov
ide54an54unaffected54X54to54a54daughter54or54son.54Furthermore,54a54daughter54may54no
t54show54signs54of54the54disease54because54she54has54the54other54X54(the54only54X54the
54father54can54give54to54a54female)54to54cancel54it54out.
Which54type54of54risk54is54referred54to54as54the54ratio54of54the54disease54rate54among54th
e54entire54population54to54the54disease54rate54in54an54unexposed54population?54-54ans--
✔✔Relative54risk54is54a54ratio54of54probability,54not54an54actual54occurrence54of54disease
.
What54are54the54empirical54risks54for54most54multifactorial54diseases54based54on?54-
54ans--
✔✔Many54factors54from54lifestyle54to54genetics54affect54multifactorial54diseases.54Obser
vation54and54evaluation54of54each54case54individually54provides54the54most54thorough54a
nd54accurate54assessment.
What54refers54to54the54silenced54gene54of54a54gene54pair.54-54ans--
✔✔The54imprinted54gene54is54the54silent54gene54of54a54gene54pair.
What54is54the54primary54reason54that54some54older54adults54have54impaired54inflammati
on54and54wound54healing?54-54ans--✔✔The54underlying54chronic54illness54exists.
A54generalized54inflammatory54response54seen54in54chronic54illness54depletes54the54bod
y's54reserves54to54fight54against54illness.
Which54cells54are54the54body's54primary54defense54against54parasite54invasion?54-54ans-
-✔✔Eosinophils54are54the54body's54primary54defense54against54parasites.
What54Phagocytes54bacteria?54-54ans--
✔✔Macrophages54work54by54eating54or54phagocytosing54bacteria.
What54is54the54first54response54to54a54foreign54pathogen?54-54ans--✔✔Helper54T54cells
Which54characteristic54is54the54most54important54determinant54of54immunogenicity54whe
n54considering54the54antigen?54-54ans--
✔✔Immunogenicity54is54primarily54based54on54the54ability54to54recognize54something54fo
reign.
How54are54erythrocytes54destroyed54when54mismatched54blood54is54administered,54cau
sing54an54ABO54incompatibility?54-54ans--
✔✔The54complement54pathway54is54activated54in54response54to54blood54incompatibility.
What54is54the54hypersensitivity54reaction54that54causes54atopic54dermatitis?54-54ans--
✔✔An54immediate54(type54I)54hypersensitivity54reaction54causes54atopic54dermatitis.
,Which54four54infections54are54considered54fungal54infections?54-54ans--
✔✔Infection54with54a54fungus54is54called54mycosis54and54includes54dermatophytes54(e.g
.,54tineas,54which54refers54to54several54skin54mycoses,54including54ringworm54and54athle
te's54foot)54and54yeasts,54which54include54candida54and54aspergillus.
When54is54the54earliest54after54sexual54transmission54of54HIV54that54lab54results54can54d
etect54infection?54-54ans--
✔✔Lab54testing54can54detect54HIV54RNA54454to541054days54after54sexual54transmission,5
4whereas54HIV54antibody54testing54may54take542354to549054days54to54result54in54a54positi
ve54test.54Repeat54testing54may54be54needed54to54rule54out54a54false54negative54test54du
e54to54testing54too54soon54after54exposure,54especially54if54a54high54likelihood54of54expos
ure54is54suspected.
What54is54a54characteristic54of54exotoxins?54-54ans--
✔✔Exotoxins54are54released54during54bacterial54growth.
Which54dietary54lifestyle54choice54has54been54associated54with54a54decreased54risk54for5
4developing54colon54cancer?54-54ans--
✔✔The54results54of54decreased54fat54consumption54have54been54widely54studied54and54
have54demonstrated54a54decreased54risk54of54developing54colon54cancer.
Which54cancer54is54an54individual54who54has54worked54with54asbestos54for54over544054y
ears54most54likely54to54develop?54-54ans--
✔✔Asbestos54exposure54results54in54an54increased54risk54of54lung54and54lung54lining54c
ancer.
Which54statement54is54true54regarding54ultraviolet54(UV)54light?
The54degree54of54damage54is54not54affected54by54the54light's54wavelength.54-54ans--
✔✔UV54light54causes54basal54cell54carcinoma54and54squamous54cell54carcinoma54when
54the54UVB54rays54hit54DNA54strands,54causing54thymine54base54pairs54that54are54side54
by54side54to54pair54together,54becoming54thymine54dimers.54These54thymine54dimers54le
ad54to54cell54death54or54cancer.
Which54cancer54does54exercise54have54a54convincing54impact54on54reducing?54-54ans--
✔✔Exercise-induced54myokines54cause54apoptosis54of54colon54cancer54cells.
Low54healthcare54literacy54is54recognized54as54a54major54risk54factor54in54blood54pressur
e54control54and54has54been54shown54to54have54adverse54effects54on54health54outcomes.
true54or54false54-54ans--✔✔TRUE54
By54providing54patient54education54at54the54appropriate54literacy54level,54improved54heal
th54outcomes54may54result.
One54of54the54goals54of54the54National54Action54Plan54to54Improve54Health54Literacy54is5
4to54incorporate54research54and54evidence-
, based54plans54of54treatment54from54childhood54through54university-
level54education54in54a54manner54consistent54with54an54individual's54literacy54level.
True54or54false54-54ans--✔✔True54
Ensuring54the54individual54can54understand54all54elements54of54a54treatment54plan54is54c
rucial54for54understanding54and54compliance.
What54is54a54red54flag54for54low54healthcare54literacy?54-54ans--
✔✔Low54literacy54often54leads54to54perceived54noncompliance54to54medical54instruction
s,54including54medication54instructions.54Ensuring54the54patient54fully54understands54all54
instructions54is54critical54for54understanding.
Amniocentesis54is54recommended54for54pregnant54women54with54certain54health54histori
es.
Which54health54history54would54result54in54an54amniocentesis54recommendation?54-
54ans--✔✔Those54who54have54a54family54history54of54genetic54disorders
Studies54have54identified54several54genes54that54play54a54role54in54the54prevention54of54
obesity.
What54do54these54genes54influence?54-54ans--✔✔Regulation54of54appetite-
Research54has54shown54that54genetic54mutations54may54cause54alterations54in54the54reg
ulation54of54appetite.
Which54concept54is54data54reporting54that54sickle54cell54disease54affects54approximately5
4154in5460054black54Americans54an54example54of?54-54ans--
✔✔Prevalence54tells54us54how54often54disease54is54seen54in54a54population,54which54inc
ludes54all54people54with54the54disease54at54a54given54time,54at54any54stage54in54the54dise
ase54progression.
What54describes54a54chromosomal54defect54caused54by54Prader-Willi54syndrome?54-
54ans--✔✔Prader-
Willi54syndrome54is54caused54by54a54disorder54of54a54portion54of54chromosome5415.54No
rmally,54a54portion54of54this54chromosome54is54inherited54from54both54parents.54With54Pr
ader-Willi54syndrome,54the54chromosome54inherited54from54the54father54is54problematic.
Which54action54is54a54purpose54of54the54inflammatory54process?54-54ans--
✔✔Prevent54infection54of54the54injured54tissue
The54inflammatory54response54is54a54defense54mechanism54designed54to54remove54da
maged54tissue54so54the54body54can54heal.
Which54leukocytes54are54elevated54in54response54to54acute54inflammatory54reactions54w
hen54considering54white54blood54cell54differentials?
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Pathophysiology for the Advanced
Practice Nurse
Which54type54of54genetic54disease54affects54males54more54frequently54than54females?54-
54ans--✔✔Sex-
Linked54recessive.54Since54males54only54have54one54X54and54one54Y,54if54the54affected5
4chromosome54has54the54illness,54it54will54be54expressed.
In54which54two54conditions54are54chromosomal54abnormalities54the54leading54known54ca
use?54-54ans--
✔✔Intellectual54disability54and54fetal54miscarriage.54Chromosome54abnormalities54are54t
he54leading54known54cause54of54intellectual54disability54and54fetal54miscarriage.
What54are54three54examples54of54prenatal54diagnostic54studies?54-54ans--
✔✔Chorionic54villus54sampling54(CVS),54amniocentesis,54and54preimplantation54genetic
54testing54(PGT)54are54examples54of54prenatal54diagnostic54studies54and54are54performe
d54in54vitro.54CVS54is54a54form54of54genetic54testing54that54provides54genetic54informatio
n54found54in54utero54and54is54usually54performed54between54weeks541154and541454of54pr
egnancy.54An54amniocentesis54is54a54form54of54genetic54testing54that54evaluates54amnio
tic54fluid54and54is54usually54performed54during54the54second54trimester,54between54week
s541554and542054of54pregnancy.54PGT54is54performed54on54the54embryo54prior54to54impla
ntation.
Which54genetic54disorder54is54characterized54by54the54presence54of54a54zygote54having5
4one54chromosome54with54a54normal54complement54of54genes54and54one54chromosome
54with54a54missing54gene?54-54ans--
✔✔Cri54du54chat54syndrome54(translated54as54"cry54of54the54cat")54is54caused54by54a54D
NA54deletion.54This54term54describes54the54cry54often54heard54from54a54baby54affected54
by54the54syndrome.54Cri54du54chat54syndrome54can54present54as54a54microcephalic,54lo
w54birth-weight54baby54with54a54piercing54cry.
How54can54an54X-linked54recessive54disease54skip54generations?54-54ans--
✔✔The54disease54can54be54transmitted54through54female54carriers.
,Since54females54have54two54copies54of54the54X54chromosome,54the54mother54may54prov
ide54an54unaffected54X54to54a54daughter54or54son.54Furthermore,54a54daughter54may54no
t54show54signs54of54the54disease54because54she54has54the54other54X54(the54only54X54the
54father54can54give54to54a54female)54to54cancel54it54out.
Which54type54of54risk54is54referred54to54as54the54ratio54of54the54disease54rate54among54th
e54entire54population54to54the54disease54rate54in54an54unexposed54population?54-54ans--
✔✔Relative54risk54is54a54ratio54of54probability,54not54an54actual54occurrence54of54disease
.
What54are54the54empirical54risks54for54most54multifactorial54diseases54based54on?54-
54ans--
✔✔Many54factors54from54lifestyle54to54genetics54affect54multifactorial54diseases.54Obser
vation54and54evaluation54of54each54case54individually54provides54the54most54thorough54a
nd54accurate54assessment.
What54refers54to54the54silenced54gene54of54a54gene54pair.54-54ans--
✔✔The54imprinted54gene54is54the54silent54gene54of54a54gene54pair.
What54is54the54primary54reason54that54some54older54adults54have54impaired54inflammati
on54and54wound54healing?54-54ans--✔✔The54underlying54chronic54illness54exists.
A54generalized54inflammatory54response54seen54in54chronic54illness54depletes54the54bod
y's54reserves54to54fight54against54illness.
Which54cells54are54the54body's54primary54defense54against54parasite54invasion?54-54ans-
-✔✔Eosinophils54are54the54body's54primary54defense54against54parasites.
What54Phagocytes54bacteria?54-54ans--
✔✔Macrophages54work54by54eating54or54phagocytosing54bacteria.
What54is54the54first54response54to54a54foreign54pathogen?54-54ans--✔✔Helper54T54cells
Which54characteristic54is54the54most54important54determinant54of54immunogenicity54whe
n54considering54the54antigen?54-54ans--
✔✔Immunogenicity54is54primarily54based54on54the54ability54to54recognize54something54fo
reign.
How54are54erythrocytes54destroyed54when54mismatched54blood54is54administered,54cau
sing54an54ABO54incompatibility?54-54ans--
✔✔The54complement54pathway54is54activated54in54response54to54blood54incompatibility.
What54is54the54hypersensitivity54reaction54that54causes54atopic54dermatitis?54-54ans--
✔✔An54immediate54(type54I)54hypersensitivity54reaction54causes54atopic54dermatitis.
,Which54four54infections54are54considered54fungal54infections?54-54ans--
✔✔Infection54with54a54fungus54is54called54mycosis54and54includes54dermatophytes54(e.g
.,54tineas,54which54refers54to54several54skin54mycoses,54including54ringworm54and54athle
te's54foot)54and54yeasts,54which54include54candida54and54aspergillus.
When54is54the54earliest54after54sexual54transmission54of54HIV54that54lab54results54can54d
etect54infection?54-54ans--
✔✔Lab54testing54can54detect54HIV54RNA54454to541054days54after54sexual54transmission,5
4whereas54HIV54antibody54testing54may54take542354to549054days54to54result54in54a54positi
ve54test.54Repeat54testing54may54be54needed54to54rule54out54a54false54negative54test54du
e54to54testing54too54soon54after54exposure,54especially54if54a54high54likelihood54of54expos
ure54is54suspected.
What54is54a54characteristic54of54exotoxins?54-54ans--
✔✔Exotoxins54are54released54during54bacterial54growth.
Which54dietary54lifestyle54choice54has54been54associated54with54a54decreased54risk54for5
4developing54colon54cancer?54-54ans--
✔✔The54results54of54decreased54fat54consumption54have54been54widely54studied54and54
have54demonstrated54a54decreased54risk54of54developing54colon54cancer.
Which54cancer54is54an54individual54who54has54worked54with54asbestos54for54over544054y
ears54most54likely54to54develop?54-54ans--
✔✔Asbestos54exposure54results54in54an54increased54risk54of54lung54and54lung54lining54c
ancer.
Which54statement54is54true54regarding54ultraviolet54(UV)54light?
The54degree54of54damage54is54not54affected54by54the54light's54wavelength.54-54ans--
✔✔UV54light54causes54basal54cell54carcinoma54and54squamous54cell54carcinoma54when
54the54UVB54rays54hit54DNA54strands,54causing54thymine54base54pairs54that54are54side54
by54side54to54pair54together,54becoming54thymine54dimers.54These54thymine54dimers54le
ad54to54cell54death54or54cancer.
Which54cancer54does54exercise54have54a54convincing54impact54on54reducing?54-54ans--
✔✔Exercise-induced54myokines54cause54apoptosis54of54colon54cancer54cells.
Low54healthcare54literacy54is54recognized54as54a54major54risk54factor54in54blood54pressur
e54control54and54has54been54shown54to54have54adverse54effects54on54health54outcomes.
true54or54false54-54ans--✔✔TRUE54
By54providing54patient54education54at54the54appropriate54literacy54level,54improved54heal
th54outcomes54may54result.
One54of54the54goals54of54the54National54Action54Plan54to54Improve54Health54Literacy54is5
4to54incorporate54research54and54evidence-
, based54plans54of54treatment54from54childhood54through54university-
level54education54in54a54manner54consistent54with54an54individual's54literacy54level.
True54or54false54-54ans--✔✔True54
Ensuring54the54individual54can54understand54all54elements54of54a54treatment54plan54is54c
rucial54for54understanding54and54compliance.
What54is54a54red54flag54for54low54healthcare54literacy?54-54ans--
✔✔Low54literacy54often54leads54to54perceived54noncompliance54to54medical54instruction
s,54including54medication54instructions.54Ensuring54the54patient54fully54understands54all54
instructions54is54critical54for54understanding.
Amniocentesis54is54recommended54for54pregnant54women54with54certain54health54histori
es.
Which54health54history54would54result54in54an54amniocentesis54recommendation?54-
54ans--✔✔Those54who54have54a54family54history54of54genetic54disorders
Studies54have54identified54several54genes54that54play54a54role54in54the54prevention54of54
obesity.
What54do54these54genes54influence?54-54ans--✔✔Regulation54of54appetite-
Research54has54shown54that54genetic54mutations54may54cause54alterations54in54the54reg
ulation54of54appetite.
Which54concept54is54data54reporting54that54sickle54cell54disease54affects54approximately5
4154in5460054black54Americans54an54example54of?54-54ans--
✔✔Prevalence54tells54us54how54often54disease54is54seen54in54a54population,54which54inc
ludes54all54people54with54the54disease54at54a54given54time,54at54any54stage54in54the54dise
ase54progression.
What54describes54a54chromosomal54defect54caused54by54Prader-Willi54syndrome?54-
54ans--✔✔Prader-
Willi54syndrome54is54caused54by54a54disorder54of54a54portion54of54chromosome5415.54No
rmally,54a54portion54of54this54chromosome54is54inherited54from54both54parents.54With54Pr
ader-Willi54syndrome,54the54chromosome54inherited54from54the54father54is54problematic.
Which54action54is54a54purpose54of54the54inflammatory54process?54-54ans--
✔✔Prevent54infection54of54the54injured54tissue
The54inflammatory54response54is54a54defense54mechanism54designed54to54remove54da
maged54tissue54so54the54body54can54heal.
Which54leukocytes54are54elevated54in54response54to54acute54inflammatory54reactions54w
hen54considering54white54blood54cell54differentials?
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
