UTK BCMB 230 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
innate immunity - ✔✔inherited
adaptive immunity - ✔✔learned from exposure to specific pathogens; function of
lymphocytes
external - skin - ✔✔physical barrier to penetration by pathogens; secretions contain
lysozyme (enzyme that destroys bacteria)
external - digestive tract - ✔✔high acidity of stomach; protection by normal bacterial
population of colon
external - respiratory tract - ✔✔secretion of mucus; movement of mucus by cilia;
alveolar macrophages
external - genitourinary tract - ✔✔acidity of urine; vaginal lactic acid
internal - phagocytic cells - ✔✔ingest and destroy bacteria, cellular debris, denatured
proteins, and toxins
internal - interferons - ✔✔inhibit replication of viruses
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,internal - complement proteins - ✔✔promote destruction of bacteria; enhance
inflammatory response
internal - endogenous pyrogen - ✔✔secreted by leukocytes and other cells; produces
fever
internal - natural killer (NK) cells - ✔✔destroy cells infected with viruses, tumor cells,
and mismatched transplanted tissue cells
internal - mast cells - ✔✔release histamine and other mediators of inflammation, and
cytokines that promote adaptive immunity
pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) - ✔✔unique to the pathogens. includes
lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found in the envelope of gram-negative bacteria.
peptidoglycan from the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria. immune cells have
pathogen recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors for PAMPs on their surface
pyrogens - ✔✔chemicals that provoke PGE2 release. exogenous pyrogens include
lipopolysaccharides from some bacteria. endogenous pyrogens include interleukin-1
(IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor
interferons - ✔✔a.) antiviral polypeptides produced by infected cells that cause non-
specific, short-term resistance to viral infection
b.) nucleic acids from the invading virus or bacteria stimulate production of STING
(stimulator of interferon genes) in the host cell
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, c.) 3 types identified: alpha and beta - inhibit viral replication and assembly. gamma -
stimulates phagocytosis and production of chemokines and antimicrobial molecules;
secreted by innate lymphoid cells like natural killer cells, and helper T and cytotoxic T
cells; helps fight infections and cancer
interferons stimulate - ✔✔macrophage phagocytosis, activity of cytotoxic ("killer") T
cells, activity of natural killer cells, production of antibodies
interferons inhibit - ✔✔cell division, tumor growth, maturation of adipose tissue,
maturation of erythrocytes
antigens - ✔✔a.) cell surface molecules that stimulate the production of specific
antibodies and combine with those antibodies. foreign antigens elicit an immune
response. the immune system can distinguish "self" from "nonself". antibodies bind to
their specific antigens. large molecules can have several antigenic determinant sites or
epitopes, that stimulate the production of and binding to antibodies
lymphocytes - ✔✔a.) derived from stem cells in the bone marrow
b.) these stem cells seed the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes
c.) T lymphocytes
d.) B lymphocytes
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AND ANSWERS 100% PASS
innate immunity - ✔✔inherited
adaptive immunity - ✔✔learned from exposure to specific pathogens; function of
lymphocytes
external - skin - ✔✔physical barrier to penetration by pathogens; secretions contain
lysozyme (enzyme that destroys bacteria)
external - digestive tract - ✔✔high acidity of stomach; protection by normal bacterial
population of colon
external - respiratory tract - ✔✔secretion of mucus; movement of mucus by cilia;
alveolar macrophages
external - genitourinary tract - ✔✔acidity of urine; vaginal lactic acid
internal - phagocytic cells - ✔✔ingest and destroy bacteria, cellular debris, denatured
proteins, and toxins
internal - interferons - ✔✔inhibit replication of viruses
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,internal - complement proteins - ✔✔promote destruction of bacteria; enhance
inflammatory response
internal - endogenous pyrogen - ✔✔secreted by leukocytes and other cells; produces
fever
internal - natural killer (NK) cells - ✔✔destroy cells infected with viruses, tumor cells,
and mismatched transplanted tissue cells
internal - mast cells - ✔✔release histamine and other mediators of inflammation, and
cytokines that promote adaptive immunity
pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) - ✔✔unique to the pathogens. includes
lipopolysaccharides (LPS) found in the envelope of gram-negative bacteria.
peptidoglycan from the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria. immune cells have
pathogen recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors for PAMPs on their surface
pyrogens - ✔✔chemicals that provoke PGE2 release. exogenous pyrogens include
lipopolysaccharides from some bacteria. endogenous pyrogens include interleukin-1
(IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor
interferons - ✔✔a.) antiviral polypeptides produced by infected cells that cause non-
specific, short-term resistance to viral infection
b.) nucleic acids from the invading virus or bacteria stimulate production of STING
(stimulator of interferon genes) in the host cell
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, c.) 3 types identified: alpha and beta - inhibit viral replication and assembly. gamma -
stimulates phagocytosis and production of chemokines and antimicrobial molecules;
secreted by innate lymphoid cells like natural killer cells, and helper T and cytotoxic T
cells; helps fight infections and cancer
interferons stimulate - ✔✔macrophage phagocytosis, activity of cytotoxic ("killer") T
cells, activity of natural killer cells, production of antibodies
interferons inhibit - ✔✔cell division, tumor growth, maturation of adipose tissue,
maturation of erythrocytes
antigens - ✔✔a.) cell surface molecules that stimulate the production of specific
antibodies and combine with those antibodies. foreign antigens elicit an immune
response. the immune system can distinguish "self" from "nonself". antibodies bind to
their specific antigens. large molecules can have several antigenic determinant sites or
epitopes, that stimulate the production of and binding to antibodies
lymphocytes - ✔✔a.) derived from stem cells in the bone marrow
b.) these stem cells seed the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes
c.) T lymphocytes
d.) B lymphocytes
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