NR565 MIDTERM LATEST ADVANCED
PHARMACOLOGY STUDY KIT WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
how much are older adults more likely to experience
ADR
7x
predisposing ADR factors in older adults
-drugs accumulation secondary to reduced -renal function
-polypharmacy
-greater severity of illness
-presence of comorbidities
-use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index
-increased individual variation secondary to altered
pharmacokinetics
-poor pt adherence
-inadequate supervision of long term therapy
beer's criteria
A list of medications that are generally considered
inappropriate when given to older adults
impacts of polypharmacy
increased r/f interactions
CYP450 inhibitors
,inhibit metabolism of medications, causing prolonged
pharmacological effects and possible toxicity
examples of CYP450 inhibitors
VISA-CK-GQ
valproate, isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone,
chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
factors for transdermal drug absorption in neonates
and infants
thin skin w/ higher rates of blood flow
increased absorption
increased r/f toxicity
factors for IM drug absorption for neonates
slow and erract d/t low blood flow in muscle first few days
of life
factors for IM drug absorption for infants
increased absorption d/t increased blood flow
factors for PO drug absorption in neonates and
infants
-delayed gastric emptying
-increased absorption for drugs that absorb in stomach
-decreased absorption for drugs that absorb in the
intestines
-low gastric acidity for the first 24 hours of life
,absorption
the process whereby a substance entering the body is
assimilated by it
distribution
the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout
the fluids and tissues of the body
metabolism
the process whereby a substance is irreversibly
transformed into metabolites
excretion
elimination of the substances from the body
efficacy
described the way the agonists vary in the response they
produce when they occupy the same number of receptors
high efficiency agonists
produce their maximal response while occupying a
relatively low proportion of the total receptor population
lower efficacy agonists
do not activate receptors in the same degree are others
and may not be able to produce the maximal response
antagonist
a drug that attenuates the effect of an agonist.
, competitive antagonist
binds to the same site as the agonist but does not activate
it, thus blocking the agonist's action
non-competitive agonist
binds to allosteric site on the receptor to prevent activation
of the receptor
reversible antagonist
binds non-covalently to the receptor, therefore can be
"washed out"
irreversible antagonist
binds covalently to the receptor, and it cannot be displaced
by competing ligands or washing
desensitization
a reduction in response to an agonist while it is
continuously present at the receptor, or progressive
decrease in response upon repeated exposure to an
agonist
half-life
the time taken for a med's concentration in plasma to
decline to half its original level
therapeutic window
PHARMACOLOGY STUDY KIT WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
how much are older adults more likely to experience
ADR
7x
predisposing ADR factors in older adults
-drugs accumulation secondary to reduced -renal function
-polypharmacy
-greater severity of illness
-presence of comorbidities
-use of drugs that have a low therapeutic index
-increased individual variation secondary to altered
pharmacokinetics
-poor pt adherence
-inadequate supervision of long term therapy
beer's criteria
A list of medications that are generally considered
inappropriate when given to older adults
impacts of polypharmacy
increased r/f interactions
CYP450 inhibitors
,inhibit metabolism of medications, causing prolonged
pharmacological effects and possible toxicity
examples of CYP450 inhibitors
VISA-CK-GQ
valproate, isoniazid, sulfonamides, amiodarone,
chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, grapefruit juice, quinidine
factors for transdermal drug absorption in neonates
and infants
thin skin w/ higher rates of blood flow
increased absorption
increased r/f toxicity
factors for IM drug absorption for neonates
slow and erract d/t low blood flow in muscle first few days
of life
factors for IM drug absorption for infants
increased absorption d/t increased blood flow
factors for PO drug absorption in neonates and
infants
-delayed gastric emptying
-increased absorption for drugs that absorb in stomach
-decreased absorption for drugs that absorb in the
intestines
-low gastric acidity for the first 24 hours of life
,absorption
the process whereby a substance entering the body is
assimilated by it
distribution
the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout
the fluids and tissues of the body
metabolism
the process whereby a substance is irreversibly
transformed into metabolites
excretion
elimination of the substances from the body
efficacy
described the way the agonists vary in the response they
produce when they occupy the same number of receptors
high efficiency agonists
produce their maximal response while occupying a
relatively low proportion of the total receptor population
lower efficacy agonists
do not activate receptors in the same degree are others
and may not be able to produce the maximal response
antagonist
a drug that attenuates the effect of an agonist.
, competitive antagonist
binds to the same site as the agonist but does not activate
it, thus blocking the agonist's action
non-competitive agonist
binds to allosteric site on the receptor to prevent activation
of the receptor
reversible antagonist
binds non-covalently to the receptor, therefore can be
"washed out"
irreversible antagonist
binds covalently to the receptor, and it cannot be displaced
by competing ligands or washing
desensitization
a reduction in response to an agonist while it is
continuously present at the receptor, or progressive
decrease in response upon repeated exposure to an
agonist
half-life
the time taken for a med's concentration in plasma to
decline to half its original level
therapeutic window
