BIOL 2401-01P
Anatomy & Physiology I
2024-08-27 tuesday
Ms. Maria Cadena
What we will cover this semester.
-overview of the human body, orientation, and nomenclature
-chemistry for biology (basic biology)
-cellular biology
-tissues, organ, organ systems
-skeletal, musculature, nervous (CNS and PNS), and neural integration of stimuli
Learning terminology helps communicate better (HRPT class is paying off.
Form and function of anatomy & physiology
Anatomy (Form)- the structure of the human body and their relation to one another
Physiology (Function)- the function of those parts
Form is always related to function
To study anatomy , one must know anatomical terminology and be a it to observe, manipulate, palpate, and
austilate
To study physiology, one must understand basic physical principles (ex, electrical currents, pressure, and
movement) as well as basic chemical principles.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Chemical levels -> Atoms -> Molecule - Organelle -> Cells -> etc…etc
Integumentary System (Skin, hair, and nails)
Synthesizes Vitamin D, houses cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc)
,Oil and sweat glands are located in the integumentary system
Skeletal System (Bones)
Produces blood cells within the bone
Bone store minerals (calcium)
Muscular System (Muscles)
Allows us to move ourselves and other things
Facial expressions and maintain posture
Nervous System (Nerves)
Control system of the body located in the spinal cord that alerts the body at top speed
responds internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Endocrine System (Hormones)
Produces chemicals or hormones
regulate the process such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Focus on the glands and hormone receptors within the body
Cardiovascular System (Blood)
Flow of blood throughout the body
Transporting blood, oxygen, carbon, dioxide, nutrients, water, etc
The heart pumps blood
The cardiovascular system is a transportation system
Lymphatic System (Immunity)
the immunity system
where you’ll find biological immunization against pathogens, white blood cells (lymphocytes), and spleen.
Attacks foreign objects
Respiratory System (Air)
Oxygen
Keeps blood clean
Filters carbon dioxide from our oxygen
Digestive System (Nutrition)
Stomach, liver, small and large intestines
Breaks own food and nutrients we put into our body allowing us to absorb it into our system
,Urinary System
Balances out electrolytes
Kidneys, urinary, bladder, ureter, urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Reproductive System (Male & Female)
Houses half of the genetic of the anatomical making of a baby
Maintenance of life
-maintains boundaries (such as skin, cells, membranes of any sort)
-movement (muscular skeleton, moving within the body; digestion, blood flow, etc)
-responsiveness
-digestion (breaks down food for nutrition)
-metabolism
-excretion (gets rid of waste)
-reproduction (mitosis, replacing worn out cells)
-growth (healing, tissues, mitosis)
Humans are multicellular
Different cells have different functions within the body
Study anatomy through the eleven organ system that work together to maintain life
All organ systems interact with one another
The human body is like a factory (cells at work)
[2024-08-29] Thursday
Homeostasis, how our body maintains internal equilibrium, it is dynamic, meaning that it’s always readjusting
and changing
, Homeostasis, is the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world
changes continuously
Negative feedback helps our body maintain homeostasis.
~NF ex: receptors sense increase blood glucose, triggering the pancreas to send out insulin into the bloodstream,
bringing back down the glucose level.
NF process
1-stimulus (variable that offsets the balance)
2-receptor (detects change within the balance)
3-input (afferent pathway which goes towards the control center)
4-output (efferent pathway, info sent to an effector)
5-response (when the effecter, reponsed and balances out again)
~NF ex: it’s hot outside, body temperature increases, thermoregulatory center sends out signal, sweat glands
activate to start cooling the body off (same goes for decrease in body temperature)
Positive feedback is not as common within an organism, enhances the stimulus, not allowing the body to go
back to ‘homeostasis’
~PF ex: labor contractions, more oxytocin produced, increase in labor contractions
Positive get stimulated and continuous to send out signals to continue the stimulus
~PF ex: platelet blood formation; cut in a blood vessel, bleeding occurs, platelets adhere to site, with more blood
the more platelets will stick/clump together. Feedback cycle ends when bleeding stops.
Homeostasis imbalance can increase risk of disease, usually on set by malnutrition. When negative becomes
overwhelmed, positive feedback kicks in (usually becoming destructive)
Afferent vs Efferent
Afferent, APPROACHES, the control center
Anatomy & Physiology I
2024-08-27 tuesday
Ms. Maria Cadena
What we will cover this semester.
-overview of the human body, orientation, and nomenclature
-chemistry for biology (basic biology)
-cellular biology
-tissues, organ, organ systems
-skeletal, musculature, nervous (CNS and PNS), and neural integration of stimuli
Learning terminology helps communicate better (HRPT class is paying off.
Form and function of anatomy & physiology
Anatomy (Form)- the structure of the human body and their relation to one another
Physiology (Function)- the function of those parts
Form is always related to function
To study anatomy , one must know anatomical terminology and be a it to observe, manipulate, palpate, and
austilate
To study physiology, one must understand basic physical principles (ex, electrical currents, pressure, and
movement) as well as basic chemical principles.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
Chemical levels -> Atoms -> Molecule - Organelle -> Cells -> etc…etc
Integumentary System (Skin, hair, and nails)
Synthesizes Vitamin D, houses cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc)
,Oil and sweat glands are located in the integumentary system
Skeletal System (Bones)
Produces blood cells within the bone
Bone store minerals (calcium)
Muscular System (Muscles)
Allows us to move ourselves and other things
Facial expressions and maintain posture
Nervous System (Nerves)
Control system of the body located in the spinal cord that alerts the body at top speed
responds internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Endocrine System (Hormones)
Produces chemicals or hormones
regulate the process such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Focus on the glands and hormone receptors within the body
Cardiovascular System (Blood)
Flow of blood throughout the body
Transporting blood, oxygen, carbon, dioxide, nutrients, water, etc
The heart pumps blood
The cardiovascular system is a transportation system
Lymphatic System (Immunity)
the immunity system
where you’ll find biological immunization against pathogens, white blood cells (lymphocytes), and spleen.
Attacks foreign objects
Respiratory System (Air)
Oxygen
Keeps blood clean
Filters carbon dioxide from our oxygen
Digestive System (Nutrition)
Stomach, liver, small and large intestines
Breaks own food and nutrients we put into our body allowing us to absorb it into our system
,Urinary System
Balances out electrolytes
Kidneys, urinary, bladder, ureter, urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Reproductive System (Male & Female)
Houses half of the genetic of the anatomical making of a baby
Maintenance of life
-maintains boundaries (such as skin, cells, membranes of any sort)
-movement (muscular skeleton, moving within the body; digestion, blood flow, etc)
-responsiveness
-digestion (breaks down food for nutrition)
-metabolism
-excretion (gets rid of waste)
-reproduction (mitosis, replacing worn out cells)
-growth (healing, tissues, mitosis)
Humans are multicellular
Different cells have different functions within the body
Study anatomy through the eleven organ system that work together to maintain life
All organ systems interact with one another
The human body is like a factory (cells at work)
[2024-08-29] Thursday
Homeostasis, how our body maintains internal equilibrium, it is dynamic, meaning that it’s always readjusting
and changing
, Homeostasis, is the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world
changes continuously
Negative feedback helps our body maintain homeostasis.
~NF ex: receptors sense increase blood glucose, triggering the pancreas to send out insulin into the bloodstream,
bringing back down the glucose level.
NF process
1-stimulus (variable that offsets the balance)
2-receptor (detects change within the balance)
3-input (afferent pathway which goes towards the control center)
4-output (efferent pathway, info sent to an effector)
5-response (when the effecter, reponsed and balances out again)
~NF ex: it’s hot outside, body temperature increases, thermoregulatory center sends out signal, sweat glands
activate to start cooling the body off (same goes for decrease in body temperature)
Positive feedback is not as common within an organism, enhances the stimulus, not allowing the body to go
back to ‘homeostasis’
~PF ex: labor contractions, more oxytocin produced, increase in labor contractions
Positive get stimulated and continuous to send out signals to continue the stimulus
~PF ex: platelet blood formation; cut in a blood vessel, bleeding occurs, platelets adhere to site, with more blood
the more platelets will stick/clump together. Feedback cycle ends when bleeding stops.
Homeostasis imbalance can increase risk of disease, usually on set by malnutrition. When negative becomes
overwhelmed, positive feedback kicks in (usually becoming destructive)
Afferent vs Efferent
Afferent, APPROACHES, the control center
