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A pair of centrioles enclosed in a centrosome, which is the apparatus used during cell div.
Microtubules from each MTOC connect to a specialized region in the centromere called a
kinetochore
Basal bodies are the base of each flagellum and cilium.
What is a plasmodesmata? It is a communicating junction - ✔✔Narrow channels between plant
cells. A narrow tube of endoplasmic reticulum, called a desmotubule, surrounded by cytoplasm
and the plasma membrane, passes through
the channel.
Material exchange occurs through the cytoplasm surrounding the desmotubule.
What is a desmosome? Present in anchoring junction of adj animal cells - ✔✔Proteins (including
keratin) that bind adjacent cells together, providing mechanical stability
to tissues. Associated with protein filaments that extend into the interior of the cell and serve to
hold cellular structures together.
What are connexins? In gap junctions - ✔✔The proteins prevent the cytoplasms of each cell
from mixing, but allow the passage of ions and small molecules. Allow communication between
cells through the exchange of materials or through the transmission of electrical impulses. Gap
,junctions are essentially channel proteins of two adjacent cells that are closely aligned. Because
the proteins of each cell extend beyond the plasma membranes before they meet, a small gap
occurs between the two plasma membranes.
For photosynthesis, what color spectrum for the following:
chlorophyll a (P680 and P700) and b
carotenoids - ✔✔1) green
,2) red, orange, yellow
Photophosphorylation cyclic vs noncyclic
Light dependent reaction
Occurs in thylakoid pancake (granum) within inner membrane. Thylakoid lumen = proton
gradient - ✔✔cyclic: Photosystem II --> photosystem I and continues to cycle
noncyclic: Photosystem II --> photosystem I --> NADP --> NADPH
Sidenote: P680 makes O2 from water, but used to reduce NADP
Calvin Cycle / Dark Reaction Purpose: Fix 6CO2 --> glucose
Occurs in stroma of chloroplast (fluid within inner membrane) - ✔✔RuBisCo enzyme is major
part of this cycle.
Final goal: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> carbohydrates
Goes through cycle at least 3 times to form 1 G3P
, C4 vs CAM vs C3 photosynthesis - ✔✔C4: CO2 combines with PEP --> OAA --> malate
(shuttled through plasmodesmata) --> bundle sheath cells --> pyruvate / CO2 --> pyruvate
returns to mesophyll and converted back to PEP
Take home: CO2 is spatially segregated. C4 better than C3 b/c rubisco can fix CO2 w/o O2
competition
2 advantages: 1) reduce photorespiration (O2 combined with RuBP) and 2) reduce water loss
CAM is same as C4, but convert to malic acid instead of malate that is transported to vacuole
cell. NIGHT - stomata open and form malic acid DAY - stomata closed and release CO2.
Therefore, only temporary segregation and not permanent
How do cell plates form? - ✔✔In plants, vesicles originating from Golgi bodies migrate to the
plane between the two newly forming nuclei. The vesicles fuse to form a cell plate, which
subsequently becomes the plasma membranes for the two daughter cells. Cell walls develop
between the membranes.
Synapsis - ✔✔Once the chromosomes are condensed, homologous chromosomes pair,
Tetrads are also called? - ✔✔Bivalent
What is a synaptonemal complex? - ✔✔A tetrad together with chiasmata and crossover events
Solutions Guaranteed Success GRADED +
Latest Updates 2025
.
A pair of centrioles enclosed in a centrosome, which is the apparatus used during cell div.
Microtubules from each MTOC connect to a specialized region in the centromere called a
kinetochore
Basal bodies are the base of each flagellum and cilium.
What is a plasmodesmata? It is a communicating junction - ✔✔Narrow channels between plant
cells. A narrow tube of endoplasmic reticulum, called a desmotubule, surrounded by cytoplasm
and the plasma membrane, passes through
the channel.
Material exchange occurs through the cytoplasm surrounding the desmotubule.
What is a desmosome? Present in anchoring junction of adj animal cells - ✔✔Proteins (including
keratin) that bind adjacent cells together, providing mechanical stability
to tissues. Associated with protein filaments that extend into the interior of the cell and serve to
hold cellular structures together.
What are connexins? In gap junctions - ✔✔The proteins prevent the cytoplasms of each cell
from mixing, but allow the passage of ions and small molecules. Allow communication between
cells through the exchange of materials or through the transmission of electrical impulses. Gap
,junctions are essentially channel proteins of two adjacent cells that are closely aligned. Because
the proteins of each cell extend beyond the plasma membranes before they meet, a small gap
occurs between the two plasma membranes.
For photosynthesis, what color spectrum for the following:
chlorophyll a (P680 and P700) and b
carotenoids - ✔✔1) green
,2) red, orange, yellow
Photophosphorylation cyclic vs noncyclic
Light dependent reaction
Occurs in thylakoid pancake (granum) within inner membrane. Thylakoid lumen = proton
gradient - ✔✔cyclic: Photosystem II --> photosystem I and continues to cycle
noncyclic: Photosystem II --> photosystem I --> NADP --> NADPH
Sidenote: P680 makes O2 from water, but used to reduce NADP
Calvin Cycle / Dark Reaction Purpose: Fix 6CO2 --> glucose
Occurs in stroma of chloroplast (fluid within inner membrane) - ✔✔RuBisCo enzyme is major
part of this cycle.
Final goal: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> carbohydrates
Goes through cycle at least 3 times to form 1 G3P
, C4 vs CAM vs C3 photosynthesis - ✔✔C4: CO2 combines with PEP --> OAA --> malate
(shuttled through plasmodesmata) --> bundle sheath cells --> pyruvate / CO2 --> pyruvate
returns to mesophyll and converted back to PEP
Take home: CO2 is spatially segregated. C4 better than C3 b/c rubisco can fix CO2 w/o O2
competition
2 advantages: 1) reduce photorespiration (O2 combined with RuBP) and 2) reduce water loss
CAM is same as C4, but convert to malic acid instead of malate that is transported to vacuole
cell. NIGHT - stomata open and form malic acid DAY - stomata closed and release CO2.
Therefore, only temporary segregation and not permanent
How do cell plates form? - ✔✔In plants, vesicles originating from Golgi bodies migrate to the
plane between the two newly forming nuclei. The vesicles fuse to form a cell plate, which
subsequently becomes the plasma membranes for the two daughter cells. Cell walls develop
between the membranes.
Synapsis - ✔✔Once the chromosomes are condensed, homologous chromosomes pair,
Tetrads are also called? - ✔✔Bivalent
What is a synaptonemal complex? - ✔✔A tetrad together with chiasmata and crossover events
