HPEX 375 Exam 4
overload correct answerstraining effect occurs when a physiological system
is exercised at a level beyond which it is normally accustomed
specificity correct answerstraining effect specific to muscle fibers
recruited during ex, energy system involved, velocity of contraction, &
type of contraction
reversibility correct answersgains are lost when overload is removed
training to increase VO2max correct answers- target large muscle
groups, dynamic activity
- 20-60mins, >3x/wk, >50% VO2max
expected endurance increases in VO2max correct answers- average 15-
20%
- 2-3% in those with high initial VO2max
- up to 50% in those with low initial VO2max
genetics correct answers- determines ~50% of VO2max in untrained indv
through 21 genes
average training improvement of VO2max correct answers15-20%
VO2max formula (Fick equation) correct answers(HRmax)(SVmax)(a-
VO2diff max) short duration (~4 months) training on VO2max correct
answers26% increase
long duration (~28 months) training on VO2max correct answers42%
increase training-induced increased maximal SV correct answers-
increase preload (EDV)
- decrease afterload (TPR)
- changes occur rapidly
increase in preload (EDV) correct answers- increase plasma volume;
kidneys retain more fluid
- increase venous return
- increase ventricular volume
decerase in afterload (TPR) correct answers- decrease arterial
constriction
- increase maximal muscle blood flow w/ no change in MAP
a-VO2diff correct answers- increase muscle blood flow
- improved ability of muscle to extract O2 from blood
, Increase in muscle blood flow results in what? correct
answersDecrease SNS vasoconstriction (less SNS activity = less
vasoconstriction = greater blood flow = extracting more blood
because there's more going through the capillaries)
improved ability of muscle to extract O2 from blood correct answers-
increase capillary density (less distance the O2 has to go through to get to
the cells) --> slows blood flow through muscle (because there's more
"roads" for it to go through)
- increase mitochondrial number (and therefore more ability to extract O2)
Describe why an increased VO2 Max is beneficial correct answersA higher
VO2 max comes from a higher CO or VO2 difference. The higher CO is
because of a higher SV, and higher SV is due to higher preload and lower
afterload. If you can deliver more (CO) you can extract more (a-vo2diff)
effects of endurance training on performance and homeostasis correct
answers- ability to perform prolonged, sub maximal exercise is dependent
on the maintenance of homeostasis
- fast to slow shift in muscle fiber types
- increased number of capillaries
results of endurance training correct answers- more rapid transition from
rest to steady state
- reduced reliance on glycogen stores
- cardiovascular & thermoregulatory adaptations
- neural & hormonal adaptations
- biochemical changes in muscle
Fast-to-slow shift in muscle fiber type correct answers- reduction I fast
myosin
- increase in slow myosin
- extent of change determined by type of training/genetics
- changing properties of fiber reverse when training stops
increased number of capillaries correct answers- enhanced diffusion of O2
- increased removal of wastes
Increased mitochondrial volume results in ? correct answers- increased
endurance performance due to improved bioenergetics & homeostasis
- decreased glucose utilization
- increased fat metabolism
citrate synthase (CS) correct answersmarker of mitochondrial oxidative
capacity
effect of exercise intensity on mitochondrial adaptations correct
answers- 55, 65, or 75% VO2max
- increased CS in IIa (oxidative) fibers with all intensities
overload correct answerstraining effect occurs when a physiological system
is exercised at a level beyond which it is normally accustomed
specificity correct answerstraining effect specific to muscle fibers
recruited during ex, energy system involved, velocity of contraction, &
type of contraction
reversibility correct answersgains are lost when overload is removed
training to increase VO2max correct answers- target large muscle
groups, dynamic activity
- 20-60mins, >3x/wk, >50% VO2max
expected endurance increases in VO2max correct answers- average 15-
20%
- 2-3% in those with high initial VO2max
- up to 50% in those with low initial VO2max
genetics correct answers- determines ~50% of VO2max in untrained indv
through 21 genes
average training improvement of VO2max correct answers15-20%
VO2max formula (Fick equation) correct answers(HRmax)(SVmax)(a-
VO2diff max) short duration (~4 months) training on VO2max correct
answers26% increase
long duration (~28 months) training on VO2max correct answers42%
increase training-induced increased maximal SV correct answers-
increase preload (EDV)
- decrease afterload (TPR)
- changes occur rapidly
increase in preload (EDV) correct answers- increase plasma volume;
kidneys retain more fluid
- increase venous return
- increase ventricular volume
decerase in afterload (TPR) correct answers- decrease arterial
constriction
- increase maximal muscle blood flow w/ no change in MAP
a-VO2diff correct answers- increase muscle blood flow
- improved ability of muscle to extract O2 from blood
, Increase in muscle blood flow results in what? correct
answersDecrease SNS vasoconstriction (less SNS activity = less
vasoconstriction = greater blood flow = extracting more blood
because there's more going through the capillaries)
improved ability of muscle to extract O2 from blood correct answers-
increase capillary density (less distance the O2 has to go through to get to
the cells) --> slows blood flow through muscle (because there's more
"roads" for it to go through)
- increase mitochondrial number (and therefore more ability to extract O2)
Describe why an increased VO2 Max is beneficial correct answersA higher
VO2 max comes from a higher CO or VO2 difference. The higher CO is
because of a higher SV, and higher SV is due to higher preload and lower
afterload. If you can deliver more (CO) you can extract more (a-vo2diff)
effects of endurance training on performance and homeostasis correct
answers- ability to perform prolonged, sub maximal exercise is dependent
on the maintenance of homeostasis
- fast to slow shift in muscle fiber types
- increased number of capillaries
results of endurance training correct answers- more rapid transition from
rest to steady state
- reduced reliance on glycogen stores
- cardiovascular & thermoregulatory adaptations
- neural & hormonal adaptations
- biochemical changes in muscle
Fast-to-slow shift in muscle fiber type correct answers- reduction I fast
myosin
- increase in slow myosin
- extent of change determined by type of training/genetics
- changing properties of fiber reverse when training stops
increased number of capillaries correct answers- enhanced diffusion of O2
- increased removal of wastes
Increased mitochondrial volume results in ? correct answers- increased
endurance performance due to improved bioenergetics & homeostasis
- decreased glucose utilization
- increased fat metabolism
citrate synthase (CS) correct answersmarker of mitochondrial oxidative
capacity
effect of exercise intensity on mitochondrial adaptations correct
answers- 55, 65, or 75% VO2max
- increased CS in IIa (oxidative) fibers with all intensities
