BIO2015
Human Pathophysiology
Final Exams Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following conditions is characterized by the
destruction of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?
- A. Parkinson's Disease
- B. Multiple Sclerosis
- C. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- D. Alzheimer's Disease
- ANS: B. Multiple Sclerosis
- Rationale: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a condition where the
immune system attacks the myelin sheath, leading to
©2025
,communication problems between the brain and the rest of the
body.
2. What is the main cause of ischemic stroke?
- A. Hemorrhage
- B. Embolism
- C. Hypertension
- D. Thrombosis
- ANS: D. Thrombosis
- Rationale: Ischemic stroke is primarily caused by
thrombosis, where a blood clot forms in the blood vessels
supplying the brain, leading to reduced blood flow.
3. The term "apoptosis" refers to:
- A. Necrotic cell death
- B. Inflammatory response
- C. Programmed cell death
- D. Cell proliferation
- ANS: C. Programmed cell death
- Rationale: Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell
death, a natural mechanism that helps maintain cellular
homeostasis.
©2025
,4. Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood
calcium levels?
- A. Insulin
- B. Cortisol
- C. Parathyroid Hormone
- D. Thyroxine
- ANS: C. Parathyroid Hormone
- Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates blood
calcium levels by increasing calcium absorption from the gut,
releasing calcium from bones, and decreasing calcium excretion
by the kidneys.
5. Which of the following is a common complication of diabetes
mellitus?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Hyperthyroidism
- C. Diabetic Nephropathy
- D. Asthma
- ANS: C. Diabetic Nephropathy
- Rationale: Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication
of diabetes mellitus, characterized by kidney damage resulting
from long-term high blood sugar levels.
©2025
, Fill-in-the-Blank
6. The ______ ______ response is the body's immediate reaction
to tissue damage, involving redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
- ANS: Inflammatory response
- Rationale: The inflammatory response is the body's defense
mechanism against tissue damage, aimed at eliminating the cause
of injury and repairing tissue.
7. ______ is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that
causes episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and
coughing.
- ANS: Asthma
- Rationale: Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by
inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty
breathing.
8. The term "______ ______" refers to the failure of the heart to
pump blood effectively, leading to inadequate blood supply to
meet the body's needs.
- ANS: Heart failure
©2025
Human Pathophysiology
Final Exams Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following conditions is characterized by the
destruction of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?
- A. Parkinson's Disease
- B. Multiple Sclerosis
- C. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
- D. Alzheimer's Disease
- ANS: B. Multiple Sclerosis
- Rationale: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a condition where the
immune system attacks the myelin sheath, leading to
©2025
,communication problems between the brain and the rest of the
body.
2. What is the main cause of ischemic stroke?
- A. Hemorrhage
- B. Embolism
- C. Hypertension
- D. Thrombosis
- ANS: D. Thrombosis
- Rationale: Ischemic stroke is primarily caused by
thrombosis, where a blood clot forms in the blood vessels
supplying the brain, leading to reduced blood flow.
3. The term "apoptosis" refers to:
- A. Necrotic cell death
- B. Inflammatory response
- C. Programmed cell death
- D. Cell proliferation
- ANS: C. Programmed cell death
- Rationale: Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell
death, a natural mechanism that helps maintain cellular
homeostasis.
©2025
,4. Which hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood
calcium levels?
- A. Insulin
- B. Cortisol
- C. Parathyroid Hormone
- D. Thyroxine
- ANS: C. Parathyroid Hormone
- Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates blood
calcium levels by increasing calcium absorption from the gut,
releasing calcium from bones, and decreasing calcium excretion
by the kidneys.
5. Which of the following is a common complication of diabetes
mellitus?
- A. Hypertension
- B. Hyperthyroidism
- C. Diabetic Nephropathy
- D. Asthma
- ANS: C. Diabetic Nephropathy
- Rationale: Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication
of diabetes mellitus, characterized by kidney damage resulting
from long-term high blood sugar levels.
©2025
, Fill-in-the-Blank
6. The ______ ______ response is the body's immediate reaction
to tissue damage, involving redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
- ANS: Inflammatory response
- Rationale: The inflammatory response is the body's defense
mechanism against tissue damage, aimed at eliminating the cause
of injury and repairing tissue.
7. ______ is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that
causes episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and
coughing.
- ANS: Asthma
- Rationale: Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by
inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty
breathing.
8. The term "______ ______" refers to the failure of the heart to
pump blood effectively, leading to inadequate blood supply to
meet the body's needs.
- ANS: Heart failure
©2025
