NU 621
Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exams Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible
for the development of atherosclerosis?
A. Hypertension
B. Hyperglycemia
C. Endothelial injury and inflammation
D. Hypocholesterolemia
ANS: C
Rationale: Atherosclerosis primarily develops due to
endothelial injury and inflammation, leading to plaque formation
and arterial narrowing.
©2025
,2. Which cytokine plays a key role in the inflammatory response
associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
A. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
B. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
C. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
D. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
ANS: B
Rationale: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a key
cytokine in the inflammatory response of rheumatoid arthritis,
driving the inflammatory cascade.
3. What is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD)?
A. Genetic mutations
B. Exposure to air pollution
C. Tobacco smoke
D. Occupational hazards
ANS: C
Rationale: The primary cause of COPD is long-term
exposure to tobacco smoke, which damages the lungs and
airways.
©2025
, Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
4. The ________ gene mutation is commonly associated with
cystic fibrosis.
ANS: CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance
regulator)
Rationale: The CFTR gene mutation disrupts chloride
transport in epithelial cells, leading to cystic fibrosis.
5. In multiple sclerosis, demyelination occurs due to an
autoimmune attack on ________ cells in the central nervous
system.
ANS: oligodendrocyte
Rationale: Oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelinating
neurons in the central nervous system, and their autoimmune
destruction leads to demyelination in multiple sclerosis.
True/False Questions
6. True or False: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by
insulin resistance.
ANS: False
©2025
, Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin
deficiency, not insulin resistance.
7. True or False: In heart failure, the Frank-Starling mechanism
compensates by increasing stroke volume through enhanced
myocardial contractility.
ANS: True
Rationale: The Frank-Starling mechanism enhances stroke
volume by increasing myocardial contractility in response to
increased ventricular filling.
Multiple Response Questions
8. Which of the following are common complications of diabetes
mellitus? (Select all that apply)
A. Retinopathy
B. Nephropathy
C. Peripheral neuropathy
D. Osteoporosis
ANS: A, B, C
Rationale: Common complications of diabetes mellitus
include retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy.
Osteoporosis is not a direct complication of diabetes.
©2025
Advanced Pathophysiology
Final Exams Review (Qns & Ans)
2025
1. Which of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible
for the development of atherosclerosis?
A. Hypertension
B. Hyperglycemia
C. Endothelial injury and inflammation
D. Hypocholesterolemia
ANS: C
Rationale: Atherosclerosis primarily develops due to
endothelial injury and inflammation, leading to plaque formation
and arterial narrowing.
©2025
,2. Which cytokine plays a key role in the inflammatory response
associated with rheumatoid arthritis?
A. Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
B. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
C. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
D. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
ANS: B
Rationale: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a key
cytokine in the inflammatory response of rheumatoid arthritis,
driving the inflammatory cascade.
3. What is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD)?
A. Genetic mutations
B. Exposure to air pollution
C. Tobacco smoke
D. Occupational hazards
ANS: C
Rationale: The primary cause of COPD is long-term
exposure to tobacco smoke, which damages the lungs and
airways.
©2025
, Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
4. The ________ gene mutation is commonly associated with
cystic fibrosis.
ANS: CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance
regulator)
Rationale: The CFTR gene mutation disrupts chloride
transport in epithelial cells, leading to cystic fibrosis.
5. In multiple sclerosis, demyelination occurs due to an
autoimmune attack on ________ cells in the central nervous
system.
ANS: oligodendrocyte
Rationale: Oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelinating
neurons in the central nervous system, and their autoimmune
destruction leads to demyelination in multiple sclerosis.
True/False Questions
6. True or False: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by
insulin resistance.
ANS: False
©2025
, Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by
autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to insulin
deficiency, not insulin resistance.
7. True or False: In heart failure, the Frank-Starling mechanism
compensates by increasing stroke volume through enhanced
myocardial contractility.
ANS: True
Rationale: The Frank-Starling mechanism enhances stroke
volume by increasing myocardial contractility in response to
increased ventricular filling.
Multiple Response Questions
8. Which of the following are common complications of diabetes
mellitus? (Select all that apply)
A. Retinopathy
B. Nephropathy
C. Peripheral neuropathy
D. Osteoporosis
ANS: A, B, C
Rationale: Common complications of diabetes mellitus
include retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy.
Osteoporosis is not a direct complication of diabetes.
©2025
