prep Questions And Answers On NAVLE
.xClinicalxsignsxthatxarexcommonxwithxEHVxmyeloencephalitisx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
bladderxparalysisxwithxurinexdribbling,xfecalxretention,xandxhindlimbxataxia.xThexxanthochro
micxCSFxwithxthexhighxproteinxandxnormalxcellxcountx(albuminocytologicxdissociation)
2-
yearxoldxdomesticxshortxhairxpresentsxforxchronicxseverexskinxlesions.xThexlesionsxconsistxo
fxdrainingxnodulesxandxerythematousxplaques.xTherapiesxwithxprednisonexandxantibioticsxh
avexresultedxinximprovementxofxthexlesions;xhowever,xthexlesionsxhavexneverxfullyxresolved
.xThexownerxdescribesxthatxthexlesionsxoriginallyxstartedxoutxonxthexrightxfrontxpawxandxhav
exprogressed.xYouxperformxcytologyxfromxthexdrainagexofxthexlesionsxandxfindxnumerousxci
gar-
shapedxorganismsxinxmacrophages.xYouxaskxifxanyxwoundxwasxnotedxonxthexanimal,xandxt
hexownerxexplainsxthatxshexpulledxwhatxlookedxlikexaxsplinterxfromxthexrightxfrontxpawxbefor
exthexlesionsxstarted.xWhatxisxthexdiagnosisxandxtreatmentxforxthisxdisease?x-
xCORRECTxxANSWER-Sporotrichosis;xItraconazole
3xrespiratoryxdiseasesxofxchickensxthatxlookxalike:x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
infectiousxbronchitis,xNewcastlexdiseasexandxinfectiousxlaryngotracheitis.
3-Methylindolex-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Cattlexthatxarexmovedxtoxlushxforagexthatxisxhighxinxtryptophanxmetabolizexthextryptophanxto
x3-methylindolexinxthexrumen.
4-ipomeanox-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
pneumotoxicxcompoundxthatxisxproducedxbyxthexfungusxFusariumxsolanixactingxonxthexswe
etxpotatoxcompoundxcalledx4-hydroxymyoporon
Ax1-
monthxoldxfemalexalpacaxpresentsxtoxyouxforxdifficultyxbreathingxandxdifficultyxnursing.xOnxy
ourxphysicalxexam,xyouxnotexthatxthexcriaxisxopenxmouthxbreathing.xYouxalsoxnotexthatxitxha
sxextraxdigits.xWhatxisxthexmostxlikelyxdiagnosis?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Choanalxatresia
Ax10-
monthxoldxArabianxpresentsxforxpersistentxsuperficialxandxdeepxdigitalxflexorxtendonxcontra
cture.xWhatxsurgicalxoptionxdoesxthisxpatientxhave?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Distalxcheckxdesmotomyxandxproximalxcheckxdesmotomy
Ax12-
yearxoldxmarexpresentsxforxaxsuddenxonsetxofxptyalismxandxanxinabilityxtoxprehendxfood.xW
herexisxthexlesion?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Substantiaxnigraxandxglobusxpallidus.xAxlesionxtoxthesexbasalxgangliaxwillxresultxinxmoveme
,ntxdisorders.xParticularly,xyellowxstarxthistlexpoisoningxwillxleadxtoxanxinabilityxtoxprehendxfo
odxinxhorses.
Ax4xyearxoldxQuarterxHorsexpresentsxtoxyouxforxprogressivexneurologicxsignsxofxataxiaxandx
paresis.xYouxnotexasymmetricxmusclexatrophyxofxlimbxmusculature.xThesexfindingsxarexmo
stxconsistentxwithxwhichxcondition?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Equinexprotozoalxmyeloencephalitis
Ax7xyearxoldxfemalexspayedxLabradorxRetrieverxpresentsxforxleakingxurinexwhilexsleeping.x
Radiographsxshowxaxnormalxsizedxbladder.xWhatxtreatmentxisxmostxlikelyxtoxdecreasexthex
dog'sxsigns?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Phenylpropanolamine
Axbroilerxflockxhasxincreasedxmortalityxandxyouxconductxaxnecropsyxtoxfindxthreexlesions:xfib
rinousxpericarditis,xperihepatitisxandxairsacculitis.xWhatxinfectiousxagentxisxusuallyxthexcau
sexofxthisxclassicxtriadxofxlesions?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Escherichiaxcoli
AxgoatxherdxisxdiagnosedxwithxhavingxMycoplasmaxmycoidesxssp.xmycoidesx(caprinexorxlar
gexcolonyxtype).xWhatxshouldxyouxtellxthexownerxtoxdo?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Cullxallxculturexpositivexanimalsxandxaffectedxkids.
Axhealthyxracexhorsexwithxaxheartxratexofx16xbpmxisxmostxlikelyxtoxhavexwhatxelectricalxrhyth
mxfinding?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Second-degreexatrioventricularxblock
Axhorsexgetsxintoxcowxfeedxthatxcontainsxthexionophore,xmonensin.xWhatxisxyourxbiggestxco
ncern?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Cardiotoxicity
Axhorsexpresentingxforxdischargexaroundxthexearxshouldxbexassessedxforxthisxcondition.x-
xCORRECTxxANSWER-Dentigerousxcyst
Axhorsexpresentsxtoxyouxwithxsignsxofxfistulousxwithers.xFromxwherexisxthisxconditionxmostxli
kelyxcontracted?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-infectedxcattle
Axminiaturexhorsexpresentsxforxcolic.xWhatxcausexofxcolicxarextheyxpronexto?x-
xCORRECTxxANSWER-Smallxcolonximpactions
Axyoungxbullxpresentsxforxaxbreedingxsoundnessxexam.xWhatxisxthexminimumxrecommend
edxpercentagexnormalxmorphologyxofxsperm?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
spermxmotilityxofxatxleastx30%xmotile,xandxspermxmorphologyxofxatxleastx70%xnormal.
abnormalitiesxisxassociatedxwithxpurpuraxhemorrhagica?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
anemia,xhyperproteinemia,xhyperfibrinogenemia,xhyperglobulinemia,xandxneutrophilia.
Aboutxwhatxpercentagexofxaxhorse'sxdryxmatterxintakexshouldxbexproteinxforxanxadultxhorsex
withxmaintenancexrequirements?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-12%
,activatedxcharcoalxineffectivexforx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
alcohols,xcorrosives,xandxsomexmetalsx(suchxasxironxandxlithium),xasxwellxasxarsenic.
acutexbovinexpulmonaryxedemaxandxemphysemax(ABPEE)x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Cattlexthatxarexmovedxtoxlushxforagexthatxisxhighxinxtryptophanxmetabolizexthextryptophanxto
x3-methylindolexinxthexrumen.x3-
MIxisxtoxicxtoxthexlung,xresultingxinxacutexinterstitialxpneumoniaxandxemphysema.
affectedxagexofxpigsx-xClostridiumxperfringensxtypexAxandxCx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-1-
7xdays
Africanxswinexfeverxtransmissionx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-softxtickxofxdirectxcontact
agexE.xcolixinxpigsx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-1-14xdays
agexpigxintestinalxcoccidiosisx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-5-15xdays
agexrotavirusxinxpigsx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-1-5xweeks
Amlodipinex-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
calciumxchannelxblockerxandxworksxbyxpreventingxcalciumxinfluxxintoxvascularxsmoothxmus
clexcells,xtherebyxcausingxvasodilation.xThisxrelaxesxthexvesselsxandxallowsxforxreducedxbl
oodxpressure.
Amlodipinex-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
calciumxchannelxblockerxusedxforxpatientsxwithxsystemicxhypertension
Anx8-
yearxoldxhorsexpresentsxforxevaluationxofxearxlesions.xOnxexamination,xyouxnotexcoalescin
gxdepigmentedxandxhyperkeratoticxplaquesxonxthexinnerx(concave)xsurfacexofxthexpinnaxbil
aterally.xWhichxofxthexfollowingxtreatmentsxisxmostxlikelyxtoxresultxinxregressionxofxthexlesion
s?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Topicalximiquimodx(Aldara).xcausedxbyxpapillomavirus
Anxadultxhorsexpresentsxtoxyouxforxskinxlesionsxonxthexdorsum.xYouxfindxthatxhexhasxstickyx
mattedxhairxonxthexdorsumxwithxmultiplexcrustsxthatxhavexpurulentxexudatexunderxthem.xWh
atxisxthexmostxlikelyxdiagnosis?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Dermatophilusxcongolensis
antibioticxforxtoxoplasmax-xCORRECTxxANSWER-clindamycin
Ascarisxsuumx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
intestinalxobstructionxorxmigrationxtoxbilexductsxandxliverx(whitexspots)x
"thumps"
Atxwhatxagexisxitxrecommendedxtoxre-testxkittensxthatxpreviouslyxtestedxpositivexforxFIV?x-
xCORRECTxxANSWER-6xmonths
, Atxwhatxpointxisxthexplacentaxofxaxcowxconsideredxretained?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
12xhours
Atenololx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
axbetaxblockerxandxisxoftenxusedxinxtachycardicxpatientsxwithxhyperthyroidism.xItxdoesxnotxa
dequatelyxcontrolxsystemicxhypertensionxinxmostxcases.
Averagexgestationxlengthxinxthexmarexisxhowxlong?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-345xdays
Avianxencephalomyelitisxinxadultxchickensx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
dropxinxeggxproductionxandxembryoxdeathxinxfertilexeggs.xvaccinatextoxprevent
Avianxencephalomyelitisxinxchicksxandxpoultsx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
ataxia,xparalysis,xtremorsxofxthexhead,xneck,xorxthexwholexbody.xvirusxreplicatesxinxpurkinjex
cellsxandxcerebellum.x
Noxtreatment.xcull
AvianxMycobacteriosisx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
granulomasxinxthexintestinalxtract.xprogressivexwastingxwithxoccasionalxdiarrhea.xtransmitt
edxinxfeces.xzoonotic.xall-in-all-out
avianxPolyomaxvirusx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
causesxdelayedxfeathering,xdiarrhea,xgastrointestinalxstasis,xascites,xandxdeath
BacillaryxHemoglobinuriax-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Clostridiumxhaemolyticum.xliverxdamagexandxtoxinxreleased
BedlingtonxTerriersxarexpredisposedxtoxdevelopingxwhichxofxthexfollowing?x-
xCORRECTxxANSWER-Copperxtoxicosis
BestxdiagnosticxtestxforxEIPHx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Bronchoscopy
Betaxmannosidasexdeficiencyx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-axgeneticxdisorderxinxAnglo-
NubianxgoatsxandxSalersxcalves.xStoragexdiseasexandxinbornxerrorsxofxmetabolismxcanxres
ultxinxintraneuronalxaccumulationxofxmannose-basedxoligosaccharides.
birdxallxseedxdietxisxdeficientxinx____x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-VitaminxA
BirdxclinicalxsignsxofxhypovitaminosisxAx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
bluntedxchoanalxpapilla,xrhinitis,xsinusitis,xandxlossxofxskinxandxfeatherxquality.
birdxGoutx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-build-
upxofxuricxacid,xandxtypicallyxcausesxswollenxpainfulxjoints
blackxwidowxspiderxbitex-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
toxinxthatxbindsxtoxcalciumxchannels,xincreasingxmembranexpermeabilityxandxenhancingxd
.xClinicalxsignsxthatxarexcommonxwithxEHVxmyeloencephalitisx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
bladderxparalysisxwithxurinexdribbling,xfecalxretention,xandxhindlimbxataxia.xThexxanthochro
micxCSFxwithxthexhighxproteinxandxnormalxcellxcountx(albuminocytologicxdissociation)
2-
yearxoldxdomesticxshortxhairxpresentsxforxchronicxseverexskinxlesions.xThexlesionsxconsistxo
fxdrainingxnodulesxandxerythematousxplaques.xTherapiesxwithxprednisonexandxantibioticsxh
avexresultedxinximprovementxofxthexlesions;xhowever,xthexlesionsxhavexneverxfullyxresolved
.xThexownerxdescribesxthatxthexlesionsxoriginallyxstartedxoutxonxthexrightxfrontxpawxandxhav
exprogressed.xYouxperformxcytologyxfromxthexdrainagexofxthexlesionsxandxfindxnumerousxci
gar-
shapedxorganismsxinxmacrophages.xYouxaskxifxanyxwoundxwasxnotedxonxthexanimal,xandxt
hexownerxexplainsxthatxshexpulledxwhatxlookedxlikexaxsplinterxfromxthexrightxfrontxpawxbefor
exthexlesionsxstarted.xWhatxisxthexdiagnosisxandxtreatmentxforxthisxdisease?x-
xCORRECTxxANSWER-Sporotrichosis;xItraconazole
3xrespiratoryxdiseasesxofxchickensxthatxlookxalike:x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
infectiousxbronchitis,xNewcastlexdiseasexandxinfectiousxlaryngotracheitis.
3-Methylindolex-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Cattlexthatxarexmovedxtoxlushxforagexthatxisxhighxinxtryptophanxmetabolizexthextryptophanxto
x3-methylindolexinxthexrumen.
4-ipomeanox-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
pneumotoxicxcompoundxthatxisxproducedxbyxthexfungusxFusariumxsolanixactingxonxthexswe
etxpotatoxcompoundxcalledx4-hydroxymyoporon
Ax1-
monthxoldxfemalexalpacaxpresentsxtoxyouxforxdifficultyxbreathingxandxdifficultyxnursing.xOnxy
ourxphysicalxexam,xyouxnotexthatxthexcriaxisxopenxmouthxbreathing.xYouxalsoxnotexthatxitxha
sxextraxdigits.xWhatxisxthexmostxlikelyxdiagnosis?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Choanalxatresia
Ax10-
monthxoldxArabianxpresentsxforxpersistentxsuperficialxandxdeepxdigitalxflexorxtendonxcontra
cture.xWhatxsurgicalxoptionxdoesxthisxpatientxhave?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Distalxcheckxdesmotomyxandxproximalxcheckxdesmotomy
Ax12-
yearxoldxmarexpresentsxforxaxsuddenxonsetxofxptyalismxandxanxinabilityxtoxprehendxfood.xW
herexisxthexlesion?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Substantiaxnigraxandxglobusxpallidus.xAxlesionxtoxthesexbasalxgangliaxwillxresultxinxmoveme
,ntxdisorders.xParticularly,xyellowxstarxthistlexpoisoningxwillxleadxtoxanxinabilityxtoxprehendxfo
odxinxhorses.
Ax4xyearxoldxQuarterxHorsexpresentsxtoxyouxforxprogressivexneurologicxsignsxofxataxiaxandx
paresis.xYouxnotexasymmetricxmusclexatrophyxofxlimbxmusculature.xThesexfindingsxarexmo
stxconsistentxwithxwhichxcondition?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Equinexprotozoalxmyeloencephalitis
Ax7xyearxoldxfemalexspayedxLabradorxRetrieverxpresentsxforxleakingxurinexwhilexsleeping.x
Radiographsxshowxaxnormalxsizedxbladder.xWhatxtreatmentxisxmostxlikelyxtoxdecreasexthex
dog'sxsigns?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Phenylpropanolamine
Axbroilerxflockxhasxincreasedxmortalityxandxyouxconductxaxnecropsyxtoxfindxthreexlesions:xfib
rinousxpericarditis,xperihepatitisxandxairsacculitis.xWhatxinfectiousxagentxisxusuallyxthexcau
sexofxthisxclassicxtriadxofxlesions?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Escherichiaxcoli
AxgoatxherdxisxdiagnosedxwithxhavingxMycoplasmaxmycoidesxssp.xmycoidesx(caprinexorxlar
gexcolonyxtype).xWhatxshouldxyouxtellxthexownerxtoxdo?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Cullxallxculturexpositivexanimalsxandxaffectedxkids.
Axhealthyxracexhorsexwithxaxheartxratexofx16xbpmxisxmostxlikelyxtoxhavexwhatxelectricalxrhyth
mxfinding?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Second-degreexatrioventricularxblock
Axhorsexgetsxintoxcowxfeedxthatxcontainsxthexionophore,xmonensin.xWhatxisxyourxbiggestxco
ncern?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Cardiotoxicity
Axhorsexpresentingxforxdischargexaroundxthexearxshouldxbexassessedxforxthisxcondition.x-
xCORRECTxxANSWER-Dentigerousxcyst
Axhorsexpresentsxtoxyouxwithxsignsxofxfistulousxwithers.xFromxwherexisxthisxconditionxmostxli
kelyxcontracted?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-infectedxcattle
Axminiaturexhorsexpresentsxforxcolic.xWhatxcausexofxcolicxarextheyxpronexto?x-
xCORRECTxxANSWER-Smallxcolonximpactions
Axyoungxbullxpresentsxforxaxbreedingxsoundnessxexam.xWhatxisxthexminimumxrecommend
edxpercentagexnormalxmorphologyxofxsperm?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
spermxmotilityxofxatxleastx30%xmotile,xandxspermxmorphologyxofxatxleastx70%xnormal.
abnormalitiesxisxassociatedxwithxpurpuraxhemorrhagica?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
anemia,xhyperproteinemia,xhyperfibrinogenemia,xhyperglobulinemia,xandxneutrophilia.
Aboutxwhatxpercentagexofxaxhorse'sxdryxmatterxintakexshouldxbexproteinxforxanxadultxhorsex
withxmaintenancexrequirements?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-12%
,activatedxcharcoalxineffectivexforx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
alcohols,xcorrosives,xandxsomexmetalsx(suchxasxironxandxlithium),xasxwellxasxarsenic.
acutexbovinexpulmonaryxedemaxandxemphysemax(ABPEE)x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Cattlexthatxarexmovedxtoxlushxforagexthatxisxhighxinxtryptophanxmetabolizexthextryptophanxto
x3-methylindolexinxthexrumen.x3-
MIxisxtoxicxtoxthexlung,xresultingxinxacutexinterstitialxpneumoniaxandxemphysema.
affectedxagexofxpigsx-xClostridiumxperfringensxtypexAxandxCx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-1-
7xdays
Africanxswinexfeverxtransmissionx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-softxtickxofxdirectxcontact
agexE.xcolixinxpigsx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-1-14xdays
agexpigxintestinalxcoccidiosisx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-5-15xdays
agexrotavirusxinxpigsx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-1-5xweeks
Amlodipinex-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
calciumxchannelxblockerxandxworksxbyxpreventingxcalciumxinfluxxintoxvascularxsmoothxmus
clexcells,xtherebyxcausingxvasodilation.xThisxrelaxesxthexvesselsxandxallowsxforxreducedxbl
oodxpressure.
Amlodipinex-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
calciumxchannelxblockerxusedxforxpatientsxwithxsystemicxhypertension
Anx8-
yearxoldxhorsexpresentsxforxevaluationxofxearxlesions.xOnxexamination,xyouxnotexcoalescin
gxdepigmentedxandxhyperkeratoticxplaquesxonxthexinnerx(concave)xsurfacexofxthexpinnaxbil
aterally.xWhichxofxthexfollowingxtreatmentsxisxmostxlikelyxtoxresultxinxregressionxofxthexlesion
s?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Topicalximiquimodx(Aldara).xcausedxbyxpapillomavirus
Anxadultxhorsexpresentsxtoxyouxforxskinxlesionsxonxthexdorsum.xYouxfindxthatxhexhasxstickyx
mattedxhairxonxthexdorsumxwithxmultiplexcrustsxthatxhavexpurulentxexudatexunderxthem.xWh
atxisxthexmostxlikelyxdiagnosis?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Dermatophilusxcongolensis
antibioticxforxtoxoplasmax-xCORRECTxxANSWER-clindamycin
Ascarisxsuumx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
intestinalxobstructionxorxmigrationxtoxbilexductsxandxliverx(whitexspots)x
"thumps"
Atxwhatxagexisxitxrecommendedxtoxre-testxkittensxthatxpreviouslyxtestedxpositivexforxFIV?x-
xCORRECTxxANSWER-6xmonths
, Atxwhatxpointxisxthexplacentaxofxaxcowxconsideredxretained?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
12xhours
Atenololx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
axbetaxblockerxandxisxoftenxusedxinxtachycardicxpatientsxwithxhyperthyroidism.xItxdoesxnotxa
dequatelyxcontrolxsystemicxhypertensionxinxmostxcases.
Averagexgestationxlengthxinxthexmarexisxhowxlong?x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-345xdays
Avianxencephalomyelitisxinxadultxchickensx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
dropxinxeggxproductionxandxembryoxdeathxinxfertilexeggs.xvaccinatextoxprevent
Avianxencephalomyelitisxinxchicksxandxpoultsx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
ataxia,xparalysis,xtremorsxofxthexhead,xneck,xorxthexwholexbody.xvirusxreplicatesxinxpurkinjex
cellsxandxcerebellum.x
Noxtreatment.xcull
AvianxMycobacteriosisx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
granulomasxinxthexintestinalxtract.xprogressivexwastingxwithxoccasionalxdiarrhea.xtransmitt
edxinxfeces.xzoonotic.xall-in-all-out
avianxPolyomaxvirusx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
causesxdelayedxfeathering,xdiarrhea,xgastrointestinalxstasis,xascites,xandxdeath
BacillaryxHemoglobinuriax-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
Clostridiumxhaemolyticum.xliverxdamagexandxtoxinxreleased
BedlingtonxTerriersxarexpredisposedxtoxdevelopingxwhichxofxthexfollowing?x-
xCORRECTxxANSWER-Copperxtoxicosis
BestxdiagnosticxtestxforxEIPHx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-Bronchoscopy
Betaxmannosidasexdeficiencyx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-axgeneticxdisorderxinxAnglo-
NubianxgoatsxandxSalersxcalves.xStoragexdiseasexandxinbornxerrorsxofxmetabolismxcanxres
ultxinxintraneuronalxaccumulationxofxmannose-basedxoligosaccharides.
birdxallxseedxdietxisxdeficientxinx____x-xCORRECTxxANSWER-VitaminxA
BirdxclinicalxsignsxofxhypovitaminosisxAx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
bluntedxchoanalxpapilla,xrhinitis,xsinusitis,xandxlossxofxskinxandxfeatherxquality.
birdxGoutx-xCORRECTxxANSWER-build-
upxofxuricxacid,xandxtypicallyxcausesxswollenxpainfulxjoints
blackxwidowxspiderxbitex-xCORRECTxxANSWER-
toxinxthatxbindsxtoxcalciumxchannels,xincreasingxmembranexpermeabilityxandxenhancingxd
