Essential Cell Biology Chapter 10
what is the "doing" part of the cell? - ANS-proteins
what are the three major questions that are asked when studying proteins? - ANS-which
proteins are used? where are the proteins? when are the proteins used? how much protein is
used?
what controls protein activity? - ANS-the activation and inactivation of protein and the
concentration of the protein.
what method is used to determine the concentration of a protein? - ANS-a western blot
what techniques does a western blot utilize? - ANS-electrophoresis and fluorescent antibodies.
what can serve as a proxy for protein expression? - ANS-levels of mRNA.
how are levels of mRNA analyzed? - ANS-PCR, which is a quantitative "real time" determination
of mRNA levels
what are the methods used to identify the location of a protein? - ANS-immunohistochemistry, in
situ hybridization, reporters
what does immunochemistry do and how does it work? - ANS-location of proteins inside a
tissue. the use of specified antibodies with florescent markers are used to show location.
what does in situ hybridization do and how does it work? - ANS-expression of proteins inside a
tissue. The use of complementary nucleic acids to show where mRNA is being produced.
what is a reporter and what does it do? - ANS-to locate proteins. The reporter has a GFP which
gets linked to the gene of interest and then the gene gets inserted into the organism using a
vector. the protein of interest will glow green.
how can mutants be studied to help study proteins? - ANS-looking at genetic disease compared
to a wild type organism, study the cause of disease and look at the heredity of disease.
what are the techniques used to engineer mutant organisms? - ANS-RNAi (interference RNA/
morpholino) and CRISPR-Cas9
how is iRNA used? - ANS-a base pair can engineer RNA together to prevent a protein from
being made. this "knocks down" the gene expression to study how the cell functions with less of
the protein.
what is the "doing" part of the cell? - ANS-proteins
what are the three major questions that are asked when studying proteins? - ANS-which
proteins are used? where are the proteins? when are the proteins used? how much protein is
used?
what controls protein activity? - ANS-the activation and inactivation of protein and the
concentration of the protein.
what method is used to determine the concentration of a protein? - ANS-a western blot
what techniques does a western blot utilize? - ANS-electrophoresis and fluorescent antibodies.
what can serve as a proxy for protein expression? - ANS-levels of mRNA.
how are levels of mRNA analyzed? - ANS-PCR, which is a quantitative "real time" determination
of mRNA levels
what are the methods used to identify the location of a protein? - ANS-immunohistochemistry, in
situ hybridization, reporters
what does immunochemistry do and how does it work? - ANS-location of proteins inside a
tissue. the use of specified antibodies with florescent markers are used to show location.
what does in situ hybridization do and how does it work? - ANS-expression of proteins inside a
tissue. The use of complementary nucleic acids to show where mRNA is being produced.
what is a reporter and what does it do? - ANS-to locate proteins. The reporter has a GFP which
gets linked to the gene of interest and then the gene gets inserted into the organism using a
vector. the protein of interest will glow green.
how can mutants be studied to help study proteins? - ANS-looking at genetic disease compared
to a wild type organism, study the cause of disease and look at the heredity of disease.
what are the techniques used to engineer mutant organisms? - ANS-RNAi (interference RNA/
morpholino) and CRISPR-Cas9
how is iRNA used? - ANS-a base pair can engineer RNA together to prevent a protein from
being made. this "knocks down" the gene expression to study how the cell functions with less of
the protein.
